英国宪政传统的历史成因

英国早在盎格鲁 -撒克逊时代就滋生了“王在法下”的法治传统和政治协商传统的最初萌芽。诺曼征服后 ,在强大王权和贵族联合势力大致平衡的力量对比条件下 ,封建法历史地充当了推动法治传统成长的“不自觉工具”。随后形成的普通法以其特有的判例法形式、相对独立的法庭组织、司法职业化以及富有理性的审判方法 ,进一步巩固了英国法治传统的制度基础。与此同时 ,古代的政治协商传统发展到了具有一定代议性质的政治协商新阶段。到中世纪末 ,以普通法制度和议会制度为支柱的宪政传统在英国确立起来。总而言之 ,促成英国宪政传统形成的根本原因还在于国家和社会的适度紧张关系与相对均衡结构。     

反思司法潜规则

司法潜规则是指在司法机关内部通行或者认可的但未向外界公布的办案规则与程序。具体表现为自由裁量权过大;无原则的量刑迁就;侵犯人权的诉讼拖延;变相放人的监外执行等等。其产生的原因是,长期以来对程序正义的忽视;转型时期司法权力的异化;程序缺乏公开性和透明性。今天的司法正义是潜规则下被扭曲了的正义,要改变这一现状,必须要树立司法权威,加强程序法制;加强司法监督和权力制约;加强司法的公开度和透明度。     

试论德治的政治伦理视角

政治与道德或法律与伦理 ,都是社会的基本价值元素 ,他们共同构成社会和国家生存与生长的规范基础和理想目标。作为社会政治治理的基本规范 ,法治是首要的和最基本的 ,具有作为社会国家治理方式的基础地位 ,而德治是政治的合道德性或伦理合理性 ,这是民主法制基础上的道德正当性诉求。德治与法治的内在价值关系应当是相互配应和相互支持的价值资源互补关系。这种政治伦理理念应当成为现代民主社会条件下的以德治国所追求的基本目标。     

完善中小股东权益保护立法之我见

完善公司法人治理结构 ,保护股东合法权益是现代公司制度中的重要内容。我国公司立法对股东会的法律地位及其职能等作出了规定 ,但在实践中仍然暴露了法律适用中的若干不足。面对大股东操纵股东大会通过有利于自己而损害中小股东权益的决议 ,中小股东常因现行公司立法相关规定之空白而无能为力。因此有必要尽快完善相关立法 ,为现代公司制度的发展提供强有力的法律保障。     

Law,fact and legal language

This paper discusses the difference between the factual and the legal, both as to terms and as to statements, on the analogy of the methodologists' distinction of the observational and the theoretical. No absolute distinction exists, and pure brute facts do not exist in law because of the socialisation of physical world and juridification of the social world.; also, the effect of evidentiary constraints. Law/fact distinction depends on applicability rules. The problem of mixed terms is partly a matter of judicial pragmatics, partly to do with the character of applicability rules, and their extensiveness. Semantic realism versus semantic instrumentalism in respect of legal terms -- the latter preferred. Tendency to abstract terms in advanced legal orders.     

美国反垄断法"本身违法"与"合理法则"适用范围探讨

"本身违法"与"合理法则"是美国反垄断法中的一对重要法则,两者各有其相对独立的适用范围."本身违法"适用于价格固定、市场划分、联合抵制、搭售安排及转售价格维持等案件,"合理法则"适用于纵向非价格限制、联营、企业合并等案件.20世纪80年代,受芝加哥学派思想的影响,"合理法则"与"本身违法"的适用范围有所模糊.由于美国是一个多元社会,而"本身违法"与"合理法则"具有重要的协调反垄断法多元价值目标冲突之功能,所以,两者的适用范围仍清晰可辨.     

意识流小说与伍尔夫的《达罗威夫人》

意识流小说是20世纪初叶在西方兴起的一种采用与传统的写法不同的创作方法写成的小说.意识流小说既没有统一的规格,也没有公认的定义.英国女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在其代表作<达罗威夫人>中尝试了意识流的各种技巧,她熟练灵活地运用视角转换和间接内心独白手法,描绘了一个平庸无知的小妇人一天中十几个小时的生活,向我们展示了一个时代的精神风貌,表现了人类真正的生存状态.     

Abolishing Illiteracy and Upgrading Culture: Adult Education and Revolutionary Hegemony in Socialist Laos

ABSTRACT

This article examines the monopolisation of political space by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party, before and after 1975. Together with coercive measures, the Marxist-Leninist regime consolidated rule by establishing and disseminating new concepts of state power, social responsibility and socialist subjectivity, which formed the basis of a radical form of revolutionary hegemony. The Party propagated a new rhetoric of rule through mandated activities including village meetings, co-operatives and a much expanded but poor-quality mass education system. This article examines the system of adult education, where the Party sought to eradicate illiteracy and “upgrade culture” among economically productive 15 to 45-year-olds. Motivated by both politics and pedagogy, the Party imported this system from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the 1960s before institutionalising it after 1975. The resulting organisational structure fanned the rhetoric of rule across the national territory in an extensive manner that reached the illiterate “masses” in large numbers. Even where the programme encountered material shortages and apathy, mandated participation in adult education propagated the vocabulary and grammatical structure of socialist Laos, providing a codebook for how to participate in socialist society.     

以合规为核心的企业认罪认罚从宽制度

民营企业家和民营企业在我国的经济发展中发挥着不可替代的作用。最近几年,国家出台的对民企进行刑事司法保护的政策已初见成效。当前,只有及时对民营企业刑事司法保护政策的正当性予以阐释和回应,并将其融入刑事法律制度予以法治化,才能令其从根本上得到社会认同,进而稳定预期、树立信心。对民企的刑事司法保护可以通过刑事诉讼中的认罪认罚从宽制度得以实现。认罪认罚是对民营企业家和民营企业从宽保护的正当基础,合规是企业认罪认罚的高级形式。企业合规为民企刑事司法保护的正当性提供了制度回应：合规不仅有利于预防犯罪,而且有利于调查和惩罚犯罪;以合规为核心的企业认罪认罚从宽制度有利于企业改过自新、合规经营,更好地承担社会责任。     

Demand Created by the Growing Digital Economy for Innovations in Regulation from the Perspective of the Rule of Law

The digital economy can significantly deepen supply-side reform and upgrade consumption and lifestyle in the new era. While having made great achievements, the digital economy has also introduced many regulatory risks and troubles. The basic logic of the digital economy is the eco-industrial chain based on data and big data resources. Since the current data property rights system is unclear, various forms of competition based on data resources have seriously challenged existing laws and their implementation mechanisms. To address the problems of an insufficient institutional supply and weak implementation, and to facilitate the growth of the digital economy, we should update the regulations’ concepts and methods, establish a new logic of system regulations, improve the implementation mechanisms by using the overall and multi-level regulation thinking, and build a multi-dimensional, diversified and all-round economic rule of law regulation system led by the government with the participation of operators, consumers and social organizations. This regulation system relies on the synergy between top-level design and top-level promotion, respects the balance of multiple interests, and finally realizes the three-dimensional integration of efficiency, fairness and security.