对一体化联合作战问题的几点认识

一体化联合作战,是以信息化为本质和核心的新军事变革的产物,是联合作战发展的历史必然。准确把握一体化联合作战的基础、核心和关键点,对于深入探索一体化联合作战的特点规律具有重要意义。     

网络安全的战略选择

随着网络空间的迅速扩张及其对社会各领域的全面渗透,网络空间不断增长的财富、战略价值以及世界经济社会运行对网络空间的深度依赖,使网络空间整体安全问题的重要性日益凸显,网络安全已成为国际社会面临的又一全球性公共问题。网络安全问题虽然属于国家安全范畴内的非传统安全领域,但国家对于安全的偏好没有改变,对安全追求的逻辑路径依旧。从理论的角度看,由于体系压力以及国家对于安全的追求,国家会选择制衡的战略,但在现实中,制衡经常缺位或迟到。受到非传统安全环境影响,地缘战略中分而治之、领土补偿、加强军备、联盟以及平衡手的存在等制衡方式和作用、意义同时发生了变化。细分到网络安全领域,沟通机制的不同、威慑效果不同、行为体的多样、行为判断的困难等特殊性,导致在网络安全领域,国家选择追随或合作将成为更优选择。     

谈鞋底整体分离痕迹的形成与应用

鞋底整体分离痕迹的检验是刑事技术领域所研究的课题之一。不同种类的鞋底分离形成的鞋底分离痕迹各不相同,这就要求基层刑事技术人员在勘验现场时认真发现、提取、保存分离痕迹,根据痕迹的种类,形成原因、特征等进行比对检验,为刑侦工作服务。     

单位犯罪主观构成及其认定

单位犯罪是单位为谋取自身利益,在单位整体意志支配下,通过单位成员的职务活动而实施的否定法秩序的行为.它与自然人犯罪、共同犯罪和有组织犯罪等有诸多不同,单位犯罪的行为动机为谋利,其意志体现出整体性,其主观罪过形式表现为故意或过失.     

对京津冀区域经济一体化发展的探析与思考

京津冀经济圈在长江三角洲、珠江三角洲经济区域崛起之后,正逐渐显现出将成为中国区域经济第三极的趋势,但在复杂多变的形势面前,挑战与机遇同在,困难与前景并存,如何摆脱困境,把握机遇,迎接挑战,是值得我们深思的现实和理论问题。     

论综合生态系统管理

综合生态系统管理是一种全新的管理理念和方法。目前,不论是官方还是学界,都对其有着不同的理解。本文从综合生态系统管理的项目背景入手,以环境资源法学的视角对综合生态系统管理的概念、内容、特点和作用进行了深入的探讨,以期对我国综合生态系统管理的学理研究和法制建设实践有所启迪。     

The New Water Legislation of Zimbabwe and South Africa – Comparison of Legal and Institutional Reform

Recently, several new pieces of water legislation have been promulgated in both Zimbabwe and the Republic of South Africa. The new acts are an attempt to correct injustices of a colonial past and to trigger development towards effective, equitable and efficient integrated water resources management influenced by the policy decisions in Agenda 21 and the need to respect economic and social human rights. This article aims at identifying and describing factors of prime importance in the process of legal and institutional reform. Major factors are earmarked and derived from the proceedings in Zimbabwe and are compared with the situation in South Africa. Thorough analysis by the author of proceedings, preambles, memoranda, legislation and addenda has induced roughly 5 major reform issues: The call for equitable water distribution based on a widely consented water resources management strategy; The need for effective and efficient integrated water resources management conducive to stakeholder participation through decentralisation processes; The redressing of legal shortcomings in former water legislation with the emphasis on the introduction of integrated approaches; The introduction of instruments of cost recovery for water resources management; The need to develop human resources capacity and institutional strength within the implementing agencies.For both Southern African states, these issues appear to be of comparable importance as major triggers for legal and institutional reform, although not always in the same sense.The resulting most important legal and institutional changes are presented, discussed and compared. Finally, prospects for and constraints on implementation of the new water legislation in these countries are compared.     

从沙尘暴防治看立法理念的转换

近年来沙尘暴事件频繁发生、社会危害严重,引起全社会的高度重视.我国颁布实施的《防沙治沙法》以防沙治沙为目的、被预期能直接应对沙尘暴,但法律治理效果甚微.这需要我们反思环境立法理念.从源头上看,沙尘暴的表现形式为自然灾害,但人类对自然界的严重破坏行为是原因的主要方面.因此相应的立法理念、思路和重点就必须重在对于人的行为进行控制,需要治沙但更为重要的是在立法中引入人地协调的理念.理念的转换带来相应的制度的完善,解决现有的防沙治沙的问题、实现其立法目的,其根本上还要在防沙治沙法中突破原有单项思维模式,引入综合决策方式.     

农地抵押风险及预防机制分析——基于“三位一体”综合农协视角

农地流转是"三农"现代化进程中的重要环节。目前国内农地流传中的抵押现象引人注目,此问题关键在于农地抵押的风险及预防机制。运营体系自成一体的综合农协内在组织能力具有化解农地抵押风险的功能。"风险—中介—化解"程式表明综合农协主要部门在相关风险对接上能较好进行匹配。本文以"三位一体"农协为出发点,总结出促进农地抵押实现的以供销社、合作社以及信用社为桥梁的预防机制。     

The Economics of Cruel and Unusual Punishment

It has sometimes been argued that one way to reduce the costs of law enforcement would be to reduce the probability of detection and conviction (hence saving those costs), while at the same time increasing the size of the punishment. Following this strategy would keep the expected costs (to a risk neutral criminal) of committing a crime constant and hence keep the deterrence level constant; it would have the benefit, though, of reducing costs to the rest of society.There are some well-known objections to such a policy. One such objection deals with marginal deterrence: A convicted murderer serving a life sentence with no chance of parole in a jurisdiction which bans capital punishment has nothing to lose from killing a prison guard—there is no marginal deterrence to the commission of a more serious crime or any additional crime for that matter. In fact, so long as there remains any upper limit to the amount of punishment that can be inflicted upon a convicted criminal, the only ways to create some type of marginal deterrence are to reduce the punishments for less serious crimes, which will either reduce the deterrence of those less serious crimes, or alternatively to require the use of more of society's scarce resources to increase the probabilities of apprehension and conviction.It is possible to reduce this marginal deterrence problem, however, by practicing cruel and unusual punishment on perpetrators of serious crimes, i.e. by raising the limits of allowable punishment. Anecdotal evidence suggests this practice is followed unofficially with child molesters and killers of prison guards and hence provides some additional deterrence against these crimes.Despite the theoretical validity of this argument, our society has chosen to impose a constitutional ban on cruel and unusual punishment. Furthermore, over time we seem to have lowered the threshold of what is considered cruel and unusual. Following Dr. Pangloss, the concluding section of the paper examines why rational maximizers would choose to give up this additional potential deterrence. The explanations depend upon an assumed positive income elasticity of demand for humanitarianism or for insurance against the costs of punishing the innocent. While there are some reasons to accept the humanitarianism argument, the insurance argument seems more persuasive.