The Cost of the Game: A Taxonomy of Social Interactions

This paper considers the role of reciprocity rules in various strategic settings. After distinguishing four typical categories of social interaction, the paper examines three forms of reciprocity constraints. An ideal rule of perfect incentive alignment (structural reciprocity) serves as a benchmark for the analysis of a golden rule of reciprocity, characterized by a mechanical linking of one player's strategy to that of the other player; and a silver rule of stochastic reciprocity, characterized by a probabilistic symmetry in the relationship between the players.     

制定国家青年政策的国际经验

联合国青年政策框架和各国制定青年政策的理论及实践表明,国家青年政策的制定必须在立足于本国．国情的同时又注意借鉴国际经验,并对“青年”等基本概念做出明确界定,阐明青年与自然、青年与社会等基本关系,把青年作为未来力量与现实力量的集合体和问题与潜力的统一体。     

Ambivalence About Equality in the United States or, Did Tocqueville Get it Wrong and Why Does that Matter?

Alexis de Tocqueville believed that “democratic peoples’... passion for equality is ardent, insatiable, eternal, and invincible.” This article examines whether and under what conditions residents of the United States demonstrate such a commitment to equality. I show that at many points in history, Americans have indeed chosen to move toward greater justice and less oppression; however, there are clear limits to their passion for equality. White Americans endorse less social, political, and economic equality than do African Americans, but even the latter often resist equality for groups that they perceive to be threats, or for behaviors that threaten strong social or moral norms. The article discusses implications for political activists of these patterns of support for and resistance to greater equality, and suggests strategies for overcoming oppression and promoting justice.     

国际知识产权保护和我国面临的挑战

在全球化中知识产权保护不断强化、中央提出建设创新型国家的大背景下,我国的知识产权保护面临着挑战和机遇。基于对世界上主要国家、地区知识产权制度与相关国际条约及其对我国的影响之考察,对各国及国际的知识产权保护中值得借鉴之处的分析,我们应当做的是:一方面利用知识产权制度业已形成的高端保护推动国民在高新技术与文化产品领域搞创造与创作这个“流”,另一方面积极促成新的知识产权制度来保护我们目前可能处优势的传统知识及生物多样化这个“源”。这样,才更有利于加快我国向“知识经济”与和谐社会发展的进程。     

“直接适用的法”与合同准据法的确定

“直接适用的法”是指无须援引法院地冲突规则而必须直接适用于某种涉外民商事关系的强制性法律规范。它在涉外合同准据法的确定中的地位有不同观点 ,本文对此进行了探讨 ,并分析了“直接适用的法”与具体的涉外合同法律适用原则的关系 ,认为“直接适用的法”在适用于涉外合同关系时只应作为对一般冲突规范的限制 ,而不是确定合同准据法的首要原则。     

Trade Measures and Climate Compliance: Institutional Interplay Between WTO and the Marrakesh Accords

This article examines the potential of trade measures to induce more climate-friendly policies, focusing on the relationship between global trade rules and the Kyoto climate regime. At the core of this interplay is the normative consistency of trade-related rules in the two regimes and any hierarchical relationship between them. The stronger clout of the WTO and its compulsory dispute settlement system suggest that issues involving competing claims would be referred to WTO bodies. Such bodies have so far been restrictive regarding the exceptions in WTO agreements to the general ban on embargoes and discrimination. The normative compatibility of the two regimes will also depend on their participatory interplay, specifically how they differentiate groups of actors as to rights and obligations. Non-members of WTO receive the least protection, and their vulnerability to climate-related trade measures is largely determined by their interdependence with states that consider employment of such measures. Among WTO members, the findings of a dispute settlement body would presumably differ depending on the status of the target under the Kyoto Protocol. A non-complier with Kyoto commitments would be more shielded than a non-party, because by joining the Kyoto regime a non-complier has exposed itself to regime-internal and less trade intrusive measures that should be exhausted first. A third dimension of interplay is linkage, or efforts to influence the regime interplay. To date there has only been moderate cross-agency coordination, but considerable attention is paid within each regime, including in the Millennium Round of trade negotiations, to the desirability of avoiding conflict between them.     

The Future Climate Regime: A Regional Comparison of Proposals

This paper compares and clarifies differences revealed in proposals from different regions on a future multilateral climate regime, after the year 2012. More than 100 articles in English were collected, categorized according to the lead authors region, and then reviewed to identify the general tendencies of each region. Proposals on emission allocation rules were the most popular in Europe, while rules related to international emissions trading dominated proposals from the United States. Few articles came from other Annex I countries, but these generally provided only the most basic aspects of a future regime. Meanwhile, concerns for equity and the relevance of any new regime in terms of sustainable development were clear in proposals from non-Annex I countries. Differences among regions were considered to be a reflection of current circumstances in each authors region. The capacity and culture of authors in some regions were considered to be other possible factors in differences. The paper concludes that recognition of regional background that formulate respective preferences and concerns regarding a future climate regime will be important to help reach a multilateral agreement in future official negotiations.     

试论俄罗斯不批准《京都议定书》的原因和法律后果——以《气候变化框架公约》第九次缔约方会议为例

在<气候变化框架公约>第九次缔约方会议上,由于俄罗斯仍然拒绝批准<京都议定书>,致使议定书仍不能生效.俄罗斯拒绝批准议定书的主要原因是本国的"经济效益"重于温室效应.虽然俄罗斯不批准议定书的行为,未构成国际不当行为,从而无须承担国际责任,但该行为在很大程度上与国际法的诚意原则的基本精神相抵触,是国际社会所公认的国际背信行为.     

从“国际经济政治化”角度看日本对东盟的经济援助

日本在二战后对东南亚国家实施的经济援助除了商业上的动机外 ,还带有很强的战略性。日本在战后对东盟国家的经济援助分 3个阶段 :第 1阶段是从战后初期到上世纪的 6 0年代末 ,日本对东盟经济援助处于初始阶段 ,这一时期经济援助的经济意义占很大比重 ,但也含有一定的政治含义 ,且比较隐蔽 ;第 2阶段是从上世纪70年代的“福田主义”的出笼到贯穿整个 80年代的“综合安全保障”战略 ,这一阶段日本在外交上倾向独立 ,对东盟经济援助的政治化开始显现 ;第 3阶段是从冷战结束到现在 ,这个阶段日本对东盟经济援助的政治意图明显 ,直接服务于其政治大国战略。     

论邓小平的国际战略思想

邓小平国际战略思想具有时代性、预见性和民族性的鲜明特色。邓小平国际战略思想的主要内容有:把握国际局势,明确核心问题;坚持独立自主,维护国家主权;以国家利益为最高准则,不搞意识形态的争论。