Involvement of Amphetamines in Sudden and Unexpected Death

Abstract:  In the present study, the effects of amphetamine-class drugs were examined in cases reported to the Victorian coroner from 2001 to 2005 to determine if death can occur from the use of amphetamine-class drugs alone. A total of 169 cases were reviewed where a forensic autopsy detected amphetamine(s) in the blood. Pathology, toxicology, and police reports were analyzed in all cases to ascertain the involvement of amphetamine-class drugs in these deaths. In Victoria, methamphetamine (MA) is the principal abused amphetamine-class followed by methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). There were six cases in which a cerebral hemorrhage caused death and three cases in which serotonin syndrome was established as being caused by the interaction of MDMA and moclobemide. There were 19 cases in which long-term use of amphetamines was associated with heart disease. There were three cases where amphetamine-class drugs alone were regarded as the cause of death, of which two cases exhibited high levels of MDMA and lesser amounts of MA and/or amphetamine. There were no cases in which significant natural disease was absent and death was regarded as caused by the use of MA. There was no correlation between blood concentration of drug and outcome.     

连接蛋白43与心性猝死的相关性研究进展

部分心性猝死者死后尸检时心脏没有发现明显病理学异常征象,过去均将其归属原因不明的猝死范畴。近年来研究显示,心肌连接蛋白43（connexin43,Cx43）表达对于心性猝死的诊断具有十分重要的意义。本文就Cx43结构、功能以及在心血管疾病发生发展中的作用与法医学意义作一综述。     

African biomedical scientists and the promises of “big science”

Abstract

An ongoing genomic revolution in biology has exponentially increased the rate, possibilities, scope and cost of biological research. Infectious disease genomics are often justified by the potential they have to ameliorate Africa’s disease burden. The molecular biology revolution that preceded genomic science widened the gap between the skill sets of many African biologists and their contemporaries elsewhere. Gap closure through genomics and the application of genomic data to health problems requires participation of, and leadership from, African scientists. However, few African scientists participate in genomics, and providing biological samples is their predominant contribution. Health-related applications are emerging from genomic activity for some infectious diseases that are endemic in Africa but not for many others. This article argues that the arrival of next-generation diagnostics, surveillance tools, drugs and vaccines could be accelerated by improving the nature and degree of participation of African scientists in genomic and post-genomic inquiry.     

肾康注射液联合还原型谷胱甘肽治疗慢性肾脏病疗效观察

目的 观察肾康注射液联合还原型谷胱甘肽治疗慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）的疗效。方法 将70例CKD患者随机分为对照组（34例）及治疗组（36例）。治疗组主要予以常规治疗,对照组在治疗组基础上加用肾康注射液联合还原型谷胱甘肽静脉滴注,疗程均为4周。观察两组临床疗效以及治疗前后血尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen, BUN）、血清肌酐（serum creatinine, SCr）、估算的肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR）、胱抑素C（cystatin C, Cys-C）水平。结果 两组临床疗效的分布比较,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,治疗组的临床疗效优于对照组。治疗组治疗后BUN、SCr、Cys-C水平较治疗前明显下降（P＜0.05）,eGFR水平明显升高（P＜0.05）;治疗组治疗前后BUN、SCr、Cys-C、eGFR差值与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 肾康注射液联合还原型谷胱甘肽治疗慢性肾脏病疗效显著。     

电针百会穴治疗帕金森病轻度认知功能障碍临床观察

目的 观察电针百会穴对帕金森病轻度认知功能障碍（mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson''s disease, PD-MCI）患者认知功能的影响。方法 将37例PD-MCI患者随机分为治疗组（n=19）和对照组（n=18）,对照组给予认知训练及药物干预,治疗组在此基础上给予百会穴电针治疗。治疗前后及随访期间分别采用连线测试（trial making test,TMT）评价PD-MCI患者的执行功能,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（Montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA）评价总体认知功能,采用帕金森病统一评分量表（unified Parkinson''s disease rating scale, UPDRS）-Ⅱ、UPDRS-Ⅲ评价运动能力及日常生活能力。结果 与治疗前比较,两组治疗后TMT-A、TMT-B显著降低（P<0.05）,MoCA评分显著升高（P<0.05）,仅治疗组治疗后UPDRS-Ⅱ评分显著降低（P<0.05）;与治疗后比较,随访期两组TMT-A、TMT-B和UPDRS-Ⅱ、UPDRS-Ⅲ评分均呈上升趋势,MoCA评分呈下降趋势,其中对照组随访期TMT-B以及两组随访期UPDRS-Ⅲ评分反而显著高于治疗前（P＜0.05）。与对照组比较,治疗后和随访期治疗组TMT-A、TMT-B显著降低（P<0.05）,MoCA评分显著升高（P<0.05）,治疗后UPDRS-Ⅱ评分显著降低（P<0.05）。结论 在常规西医治疗基础上,电针百会穴能够改善PD-MCI患者的认知功能。     

复方葛根芩连汤治疗脾虚肝郁、痰瘀内阻型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝临床观察

目的 观察复方葛根芩连汤治疗脾虚肝郁、痰瘀内阻型2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）合并非酒精性脂肪肝（non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）的临床疗效。方法 将60例患者分为对照组和治疗组,每组30例,在基础治疗的基础上,对照组采用非诺贝特治疗,治疗组予以复方葛根芩连汤治疗,治疗3个月后观察两组患者治疗前后中医证候评分,空腹血糖（fast plasma glucose,FPG）、糖基化血红蛋白A1c（glycosylated hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin,FINS）、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR）、总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、三酰甘油（triglyceride,TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）水平,采用B型超声观察肝脏脂肪样变化情况。结果 与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后中医证候评分,血清FPG、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR、TC、TG、LDL-C水平均显著降低（P<0.05）,HDL-C水平显著升高（P<0.05）;治疗组治疗后中医证候评分以及血清FPG、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR、TC水平降低值和HDL-C水平升高值均大于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗组治疗后肝脏B型超声分级较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,而对照组治疗前后B型超声分级比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 复方葛根芩连汤治疗脾虚肝郁、痰瘀内阻型T2DM合并NAFLD的临床疗效确切。     

耳穴贴压提高肿瘤危重症患者鼻肠管置管成功率临床观察

目的观察耳穴贴压法对肿瘤重症患者留置鼻肠管成功率的影响。方法将120例肿瘤危重症患者根据随机数字表法分为耳穴贴压组、甲氧氯普胺组和对照组,每组40例。统计分析3组患者置管成功率、置管时间、2次置管率、置管并发症等,监测患者置管前、置管中、置管后1 h的心率(heart rate,HR)、呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、指端血氧饱和度(percutaneous oxygen saturation,SpO 2)变化。结果耳穴贴压组、甲氧氯普胺组置管成功率均高于对照组(P<0.05),两者的二次置管率均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。3组患者置管时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),甲氧氯普胺组与耳穴贴压组置管时间较对照组明显缩短(P<0.05);3组患者置管深度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与置管前比较,置管中3组患者HR、RR均明显加快(P<0.05),MAP明显增高(P<0.05),SpO 2均无明显变化(P>0.05);与置管中比较,置管后1 h,3组患者HR、MAP、RR均明显降低(P<0.05);与置管前比较,置管后1 h,3组患者HR、MAP、RR、SpO 2均无明显变化(P>0.05)。置管中,甲氧氯普胺组和耳穴贴压组患者HR明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论耳穴贴压法可提高肿瘤危重症患者鼻肠管的置管成功率,无明显并发症发生。     

2型糖尿病脂代谢紊乱患者中医证型与血清同型半胱氨酸和胱抑素C关系

目的 探究2型糖尿病脂代谢紊乱的中医证型特点及其与冠心病预测因子血清同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy）、胱抑素C（cystatinC,CysC）的关系。方法 共纳入300例2型糖尿病脂代谢紊乱患者,调查其中医证型,检测并比较各证型患者血清Hcy、CysC、空腹胰岛素（fastinginsulin,FINS）、空腹血糖（fastingplasmaglucose,FPG）和糖化血红蛋白A1c（glycosylatedhemoglobinA1c,HbA1c）及胰岛素抵抗指数（homeostasismodelassessmentofinsulinresistance,HOMA-IR）水平。结果 300例患者中,痰湿阻遏型、气阴两虚型、肝肾阴虚型、血瘀脉络型和脾肾阳虚型和其他证型的病例数分别105、84、34、39、12、16。各证型患者HbA1c和FPG比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;以血瘀脉络型患者Hcy、CysC和HOMA-IR水平为最高（P＜0.05,或P＜0.01）。结论 2型糖尿病脂代谢紊乱患者以痰湿阻遏型和气阴两虚证型最为常见,血瘀脉络型患者冠心病预测因子异常与胰岛素抵抗有关。     

慢传输型便秘中医证型与血管活性肠肽和P物质关系

目的 探究慢传输型便秘（slowtransitconstipation,STC）中医证型与血管活性肠肽（vasoactiveintestinalpeptide,VIP）、P物质（substanceP,SP）的关系,为中医辨证客观化寻找证据。 方法 纳入肠道实热证、肠道气滞证、肺脾气虚证、脾肾阳虚证、津亏血少证STC患者各15例,另随机选取15例健康人作为对照组。应用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法检测血清VIP、SP水平。结果 STC患者血清VIP和SP水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05,或P<0.01）;STC虚证患者血清VIP和SP水平显著高于STC实证患者（P<0.01）; 3种虚证（肺脾气虚证、脾肾阳虚证、津亏血少证）患者血清VIP及SP水平比较,以及2种实证（肠道实热证、肠道气滞证）患者血清VIP水平比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）; 肠道气滞证患者血清SP水平显著低于肠道实热证（P<0.05）。结论 血清VIP、SP水平与STC中医证型有关,有利于鉴别STC虚证和实证。     

鸭源新城疫强毒株对番鸭细胞因子及Toll样受体mRNA表达的影响

为研究人工感染鸭源新城疫强毒株(Md/CH/LGD/1/2005)诱导番鸭细胞因子及Toll样受体基因的表达情况,选用80只15日龄SPF番鸭,随机分为攻毒组和对照组,每组各40只,攻毒组以滴鼻点眼的方式接种1×107.0EID50鸭源基因Ⅶ型新城疫病毒(NDV)Md/CH/LGD/1/2005,对照组接种灭菌的磷酸盐...