X染色体遗传标记的研究应用进展

X染色体遗传标记在法医学中占有不可或缺的位置,因其独特的结构和遗传特征而被应用于复杂亲缘鉴定。目前应用于法医遗传学领域的有超过50个高度多态性X-STRs,筛选到高度多态性的X-SNPs和X-Indels的数量也在逐渐增加,且X染色体特异性遗传标记对复杂疾病的易感性也受到了临床工作者的重视。本文就X染色体遗传标记在法医学及临床医学上的研究和应用进行综述。     

口蹄疫病毒3C蛋白酶的T4噬菌体表面展示

对FMDV 3C基因克隆质粒p3C-T进行PCR扩增,获得了口蹄疫病毒3C蛋白酶基因片段,将此片段与T4噬菌体整合质粒pR的EcoRⅠ酶切片段连接,转化E．coli,DH5α工程菌,经EcoRⅠ酶切、质粒PCR扩增、插入方向筛选及测序鉴定,成功获得了T4噬菌体重组整合质粒pR- 3C。将其转化E．coli E2后,与SOC基因缺失的噬菌体φT4-Z1同源重组,经溶菌酶依赖性筛选,获得了快速溶菌型噬菌体φT4-3C。经噬菌体PCR扩增、SDS-PAGE分析和Western-bot分析,重组噬菌体可展示约26 ku的重组蛋白;其大小与预期相符,具有免疫原性。     

The Average Treatment and Its Cost,Age, and Gender of Patients With Ischemic Heart Diseases

Ensuring efficient treatment of patients in hospital care, with precise management of resources and cost planning. Goals： Dividing the patients with ischemic heart diseases into five groups with the highest cost of treatment, and determining the link among the cost of treatment and the average length of hospital stay, age, and gender of these patients. Materials and methods： Standardized reports of 10,040 patients from three hospitals in Macedonia from 2010 to 2012 were used. The databases were processed in SPSS 17, and the ANOVA and the Chi-square test were applied. Results and discussion： There is a statistically significant difference between the groups which have different cost of treatment and the average length of their treatment （F = 183.63 and p = 0.000） and a statistically significant difference between the five most expensive groups of patients in terms of their gender （Chi-square = 370.262, df = 4, and p = 0.000）. Furthermore, there are statistically significant differences between patients with different cost of treatment in terms of their age （F = 24.25 and p = 0.000）. Conclusion： The ＂most expensive＂ patients have the longest average hospital stay.     

Cancer,HIV, and terrorism: translating public health models for prevention and control to counter-terrorism

What can cancer and HIV tell us about terrorism? How would we proceed if terrorism were a disease? A comparison of cancer and HIV can suggest alternative ways of conceptualizing terrorism and counter-terrorism using contrasting disease models that emphasize differing connections between etiology and prevention and control. A public health model also can help us think about terrorism as a basic research problem to be translated into therapeutic and preventive applications rather than primarily as a policy or political problem that makes only selective use of research studies. Through this re-conceptualization of terrorism as a basic and translational research challenge, we can draw upon the examples of the U.S. ‘War on Cancer’ and response to the ‘Aids Epidemic’ to help identify gaps in organizing academic and other resources to wage the ‘War on Terrorism.’ Recognizing and addressing these gaps could ultimately pave the way for more effective strategies in understanding and responding to the significant threats posed by terrorism, from the identification of factors that produce terrorist acts to the implementation of informed measures for the prevention and control of terrorist, and even proto-terrorist, activity.     

Alcohol‐Induced Osteopenia Among In‐Custody and Homicide Deaths from the Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences

Four cases of in‐custody or unlawful death are presented as examples of increased bone fragility with an associated increase in fracture rates due to ethanol‐induced osteopenia. In addition, one of the individuals suffered fractures several weeks premortem, allowing some healing to take place. Using radiographs and physical examination, the ribs from these individuals are compared with those retained from three individuals with no history of alcoholism to illustrate diagnostic characteristics that will be notable using standard autopsy and anthropological procedures. Trabecular bone mass is notably decreased in the alcoholic group leading to a greater chance of fracture occurring during conflict, including arrest and in‐custody situations. The average number of perimortem fractures among the alcoholic individuals is 15, while the control group is six. In the case of the individual with healing, the degree of bone repair on the ribs was less than is expected considering the interval between injury and death.     

准确分析伤病关系是人体损伤程度鉴定的关键

损伤与疾病的关系是法医临床鉴定实践中经常遇到的问题,在人体损伤程度的鉴定中往往直接关乎鉴定意见,值得高度重视。最新发布的《人体损伤程度鉴定标准》对伤病关系处理原则做出了规定,是法医学的一大进步。准确分析伤病关系,要掌握损伤、疾病、损伤性疾病及损伤后疾病、病理基础、潜在性疾病及既往伤病等概念,对损伤与疾病的因果关系进行恰当的分析,并将分析结果运用到损伤程度的鉴定中。在伤病关系分析时,应当遵循事实因果关系的认定原则,从时间上的先后关系、解剖部位上的吻合性以及逻辑上的关联等角度加以论证。损伤程度的鉴定须遵循刑事证据的证明原则．排除合理怀疑。故鉴定人应注意采用恰当的分析方法,尽可能从更高的标准证明伤病关系是否存在。病理学、病因学、临床学上的因果关系,其证明价值要显著高于流行病学、案例报道及实验医学上的因果关系,在实际应用中应高度关注．     

近期引起免疫失败的传染性腔上囊病病毒VP2基因的分子特征

用RT-PCR方法从2007年12月在安徽境内发生的两起传染性腔上囊病(IBD)免疫预防失败的病鸡腔上囊组织样品AH1与AH2中扩增出了传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2基因。序列分析表明,AH1与AH2病毒VP2基因长度均为1 350 nt,编码450 aa,七肽基序均为S-W-S-A-S-G-S,在222、253、256、279、284、294和299位上的氨基酸残基分别是A、QI、、D、AI、和S,具有IBDV强毒的分子特征,AH1和AH2感染的20日龄雏鸡产生明显IBD病变,死亡率为25%(1/4)。同源性分析表明,26个血清Ⅰ型IBDV毒株VP2基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性分别为90.7%～99.6%和95.5%～100%,不同IBDV毒株VP2基因的七肽基序、特征性氨基酸残基以及高变区的亲水性有差异。在进化树上,26个血清Ⅰ型IBDV毒株可分为数组,其中的15个中国分离IBDV毒株不在同组,毒株之间的亲缘关系与分离地区或分离时间没有明显的联系。AH1和AH2与现行商品疫苗毒株B87的VP2基因核苷酸序列的差异率分别为5.3%和5.2%,这也进一步佐证了IBDV野毒VP2基因变异所引起的毒力变化和VP2抗原表位的漂移是导致当前IBD疫苗免疫预防失败的主要原因。     

CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION: MANDATING THE HPV VACCINE AS A CONDITION OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

This Note advocates that states require all females entering the sixth grade to be vaccinated with the HPV vaccine Gardasil, as a means of preventing cervical cancer deaths in the United States. States that do pass such a mandate would receive federal funding to help disperse the cost of the expensive three‐dose vaccine, especially to those females most in need. Subject to each individual state's mandate, parents would be allowed to opt their children out of such a mandate for religious, medical, and/or philosophical reasons.     

电针对冷应激致胃黏膜损伤大鼠VIP免疫反应性的影响

目的:观察电针足三里穴对胃黏膜损伤大鼠血管活性肠肽(VIP)免疫反应性的影响;探讨VIP参与针刺对胃黏膜损伤防御性保护作用的机制.方法:40只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、针刺组和非穴组.采用冷冻-束缚应激法复制大鼠胃黏膜损伤模型;免疫细胞化学ABC法结合图像分析,观察电针足三里穴对大鼠胃壁和迷走背核复合体VIP神经免疫反应性的影响.结果:冷冻-束缚应激大鼠胃黏膜损伤明显,胃黏膜出现点状、条状出血坏死灶,尤以胃窦部为主.胃壁VIP免疫反应阳性神经纤维数量减少.针刺组与模型组比较,胃壁和迷走背核复合体VIP神经免疫反应性明显增强(P<0.01).结论:电针足三里穴可引起胃黏膜损伤大鼠VIP神经元免疫反应性变化,提示VIP可能作为神经-内分泌-免疫调节网络的信号分子参与了针刺对胃黏膜的防御性保护作用.     

牛源A型口蹄疫病毒结构蛋白VP1基因的克隆与序列分析

提取2株A型口蹄疫病毒FMDV L1和FMDV L2的RNA,用1对通用引物经RT PCR扩增出2株病毒VP1基因的DNA片段,将扩增的VP1编码序列克隆到质粒载体pGEM TEasy中,转入大肠埃希氏菌JM109,得到大量携带目的基因的质粒;经过重组质粒的鉴定、测序获得其核苷酸序列;利用序列分析软件及系统发生树绘制软件对FMDV L1和FMDV L2以及作为参考毒株的A22/India/17/77进行序列分析。结果表明,核酸序列中的变异多发区要多于氨基酸序列,氨基酸序列最明显的变异发生在构成FMDV抗原位点1的βG βH环内,其中毒株FMDV L1和FMDV L2RGD序列中的精氨酸(R)发生了变异,分别变成了亮氨酸(L)和谷氨酰胺(Q)。