Gender Differential Influences of Early Adolescent Risk Factors for the Development of Depressive Affect

Based on a model by Cyranowski, J., et al. (2000), Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57: 21–27, adolescents at-risk for the development of depressive symptoms were identified. Adolescents were considered at-risk if they had 2 or more of the following early adolescent risk factors: (1) insecure parental attachment, (2) anxious/inhibited temperament, (3) low instrumental coping skills, and (4) early pubertal maturation. Nonrisk adolescents had zero or just one risk factor. Using data from a 10-year longitudinal study on the development of adolescents’ health, with 5 points of data assessment (i.e., 6th, 7th, 8th, 12th, and 12 + 4 follow-up), the impact of the four early adolescent risk factors on the development of emotional tone was investigated. Emotional tone was measured by the Emotional Tone Scale of the SIQYA (Petersen, A. C., et al. (1984), J. Youth Adolesc. 13: 93–111), an indicator for positive emotional tone and low depressed affect. Growth curve modeling was applied to reveal significant gender differences in level and slope for the development of emotional tone over the adolescent years. Latent Growth Curve Models can be seen as a combination consisting of repeated measures analysis of variance and autoregressive analyses to evaluate the latent change of the variables under investigation (Rovine, M. J., and Molenaar, P. C. M. (2000), Multivar. Behav. Res. 35(1): 51–88). At-risk girls revealed poorer levels of emotional tone which stayed almost at the same low level up to young adulthood (i.e., 12 + 4), indicating a long lasting impact of the specified risk factors. In contrast, at-risk boys showed poorer emotional tone in early adolescence, but at the end of adolescence boys at-risk had the same level of emotional tone as nonrisk boys. At-risk girls showed significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms at grade 12 and at 12 + 4.Assistant Professor at the Department of Psychology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. He received his master’s degree from the Technical University Berlin in 1989 and his PhD from the Pennsylvania State University in 1993. His research interests encompass developmental psychology and methodology.Senior Vice President for Programs at the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, Battle Creek, Michigan. She received her PhD from the University of Chicago.     

知识产权非理性扩张的一种认知模式

本文首先描述了在以美国等发达国家的极力鼓噪下知识产权非理性扩张的一般图像,在此基础上,笔者从知识产权制度与所有权制度哲学理念之差的视角切入,对知识产权制度的非正常发展进行了剖析和解读.文章认为,正是我们把所有权制度的基本理念错误地嫁接到知识产权制度上,才导致了今天知识产权制度的失范.基于前面的分析,文章还对中国究竟应制定物权法还是制定财产的基本法展开了探讨,文章的结论是我们应当制定财产的基本法,这有利于我们纯化知识产权制度和所有权制度这两套各别的制度系统,使二者在其自在自为的世界里获得健康和正常的发展.     

History of spouse violence against mother: Correlated risks and unique effects in child mental health

The present study examined mental health risk associated with lifetime occurrence of spouse violence against mother among 303 10 to 12 year-old inner-city children. Maternal report data showed a 30% prevalence rate for lifetime occurrence of spouse violence in this sample. Results of correlational analyses indicated that violence against mother was associated with several other historical risk factors including divorce, parental drinking problems, and incarceration of father. Multiple regression analyses controlling for the effects of demographic and historical risk factors that correlated with violence against mother revealed that violence accounted for significant unique variance in girls' self-reports of conduct problems, but did not account for unique variance in boys' symptomatology. Implications of these results for understanding the effects of violence against mother on children and for the development of empirically based interventions for children in those families are discussed.     

供给要素对我国城市服务业差异影响的理论与实证分析

以新古典经济学和结构主义学派理论为基础,对供给要素即生产要素数量、质量和要素配置结构方面与我国城市服务业关系的实证检验表明:资本和劳动对服务业发展均有显著推动作用。在服务业近期发展中,劳动力发挥的作用明显大于资本,而在现阶段,资本对服务业的强大推动力开始显现。各种供给因素对服务业发展水平的影响并不是独立的,而是相互作用和影响的,要素配置结构和人力资本影响资本和劳动力推动作用的发挥。     

警察职业能力测评的初步研究——警察认知能力结构的验证性因素分析

“警察认知能力”测验,由专注—效率、记忆、想象、创造、逻辑推理能力等五个维度,内含12类项目组成。本研究在对178份有效资料进行信度效度检验的同时,还运用结构方程模型(SEM)对“警察认知能力”的结构效度进行验证性因素分析。结果提示:该结构模型的适应性,五因素间的独立性,五因素模型的拟合指数均为良好,表明警察认知能力五因素理论模型的拟合程度可以接受。     

构建和谐社会的路径选择

社会主义和谐社会有其特定的涵义与特征。在现阶段构建社会主义和谐社会,必须确立共享社会发展成果的基本理念,坚持以人为本的管理原则,建立必要的利益协调机制,加大对弱势群体的利益补偿,构建开放的社会阶层结构,实行严格的环境保护政策。     

贯彻"三个代表"重要思想必须最广泛最充分地调动一切积极因素

贯彻“三个代表”重要思想,必须最广泛最充分地调动一切积极因素,参与全面建设小康社会,实现中华民族的伟大复兴。调动一切积极因素,领导团结广大人民,带领人民共同前进,是我们党的优势;调动一切积极因素必须代表最广大人民的根本利益,正确反映和兼顾不同方面的利益,必须正确处理人民内部矛盾,必须尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造。     

Resilience in Inner City Youth: Childhood Predictors of Occupational Status Across the Lifespan

The present prospective study has followed a cohort of inner city men from adolescence (14±2) until age 65. While previous studies of shorter duration have identified numerous childhood factors that powerfully influence outcomes in young adulthood, this study examined the effect of these well-documented prognostic factors on occupational status across the lifespan. Consistent with previous studies, childhood environmental protector factors and parental social class predicted occupational status at age 25 significantly, but showed progressively weaker prediction at ages 32, 47 and 65. Timely early childhood development proved over time to be a far more important predictor than childhood social environment in adulthood. Ana C. DiRago is a Psychology Ph.D. student in the Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research area. She is involved with the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Her research interests include resilience and behavioral genetics in mood and anxiety disorders. George E. Vaillant is a Professor at Harvard Medical School. He has spent the last 30 years as Director of the Study of Adult Development charting adult development and the recovery process of schizophrenia, heroin addiction, and alcoholism. George considers Dan Offer a friend and long distance teacher.     

隐私权的判定——“合理隐私期待标准”的确立与适用

隐私权存在与否的判定问题是隐私侵权责任承担的关键所在。而美国联邦最高法院在1967年Katz v.United States案中确立的"合理的隐私期待"标准,在世界多个国家的适用已被证明是比较可行的隐私权的判定方法。我国隐私权司法实践在吸收、借鉴"合理的隐私期待"标准时应明确"私人事实"、"法律规定"、"社会习俗"和"利益平衡"四种隐私期待的客观判断要素,实现判决结果的一致性,及对他人隐私利益最大程度的保护。