Surveillance of environmental movements in Canada: critical infrastructure protection and the petro-security apparatus

A convergence of post-9/11 security governance practices and a dependence on extractive economies has resulted in changes to the way Canadian policing agencies classify environmental movements. We detail how the category of ‘critical infrastructure protection’ (CIP) now enables surveillance of environmentalists under the banner of national security. We examine the growth of CIP as a security category, its changing character from the Cold War to the present, and the role of threat entrepreneurs. We demonstrate that CIP networks have institutionalized collaborations between national security agencies and energy corporations, creating a petro-security apparatus that aims to suppress dissent. We conclude with reflections on what surveillance regimes driven by the petro-security apparatus mean for debates about national security and social movements.     

The role of respect in interactions with police among substance-using African refugee young people in Melbourne,Australia

Racialized policing and substance use are major issues faced by African young people in Australia. In-depth interviews with 18 refugee young people who use alcohol and/or drugs examined interactions with police. Status respect and human respect played important roles in interactions with police. Participants felt unfairly targeted by police and reported that they were disrespected by police through the use of discriminatory language, failing to differentiate between individuals leading to a sense of loss of self-identity, and stereotyping. Development and implementation of programs focusing on building mutual understanding and respect is needed to improve relations between refugee-background youth and police.     

Use of pepper spray in policing: retrospective study of situational characteristics and implications for violent situations

Pepper spray (OC) is a policing tool aimed to prevent or stop aggressive behavior by quickly and temporarily incapacitate without injuring. To date, few studies have investigated OC’s operational usefulness and limitations. OC reduced violent behavior in 93% of the 936 incidents investigated. However, the operative range was often <2 m and it took between 3 and 5 s of spraying before obtaining effect, partly owing to the difficulties of hitting a small, sometimes erratically moving target. Collateral hits were noted in 24% of the incidents, whereof 90% were other officers. Noteworthy, in 21% of incidents officers put themselves at large personal risk by using OC at close range against people armed with lethal weapons. Hence, OC emerges as a suitable tool for handling low threat situations but lacks key traits to ensure safe and efficient policing of high threat situations, e.g., handling armed assailants.     

城市生活垃圾循环经济管理理念初探

以北京市城市生活垃圾处理的现状和问题为个案研究,揭示传统的垃圾管理思想和模式已不适应当前和未来经济和社会发展的客观需要,提出建立循环经济型城市生活垃圾管理模型的核心理念,是实现城市的可持续发展,建设资源节约型社会的必然转变,用科学的发展观认识和实现对城市生活垃圾管理理念和思路的转变,管理手段和方式的转变,从而妥善解决城市生活垃圾问题。     

EFFECT OF SUSPECT RACE ON OFFICERS’ ARREST DECISIONS*

Many respondents to opinion surveys say that the citizen's race influences how police officers treat the public, yet recent expert social‐science panels have declared that research findings are too contradictory to form a conclusion on whether American police are biased against racial minorities. We perform a meta‐analysis of quantitative research that estimates the effect of race on the police decision to arrest. Screening nearly 4,500 potential sources, we analyze the results based on 27 independent data sets that generated 40 research reports (both published and unpublished) that permitted an estimate of the effect size of the suspect's race on the probability of arrest. The meta‐analysis shows with strong consistency that minority suspects are more likely to be arrested than White suspects. Depending on the method of estimation, the effect size of race varied between 1.32 and 1.52. Converting the race effect size to probabilities shows that compared with the average probability in these studies of a White being arrested (.20), the average probability for a non‐White was calculated at .26. The significant race effect persists when taking into account the studies’ variations in research methods and the nature of explanatory models used in the studies. Implications for future research are presented.     

吉林省统筹城乡发展的难点与对策

本文以吉林省正在实施的＂三化＂统筹战略为视角,提出城乡一体化进程中面临的难点主要集中在：人往哪里去、钱从哪里来、土地问题怎样解决三个方面。笔者认为,应通过加大对农村经济发展的财政支持,统筹城乡产业布局,开展农民职业技能教育,构建农村劳动力向城镇转移的制度体系和规范土地流转等措施,推动吉林省统筹城乡发展,实现城乡一体化。     

城市管理专业的人才培养目标与模式

城市管理专业是随着当代中国城市发展导致的城市管理专业化趋势及其对城市管理专门人才的急需而发展起来的一个新兴专业。城市管理的综合性特点要求城市管理专业的课程设置注重综合,强调应用,并实现文、理、工科相结合,其专业基础课应横跨管理学和城市科学两大学科基础,专业课则应突出城市管理作为一个独立学科、综合性专业的特点。完善符合城市管理专业应用型复合型人才培养需要的教学体系,当前的重点是强化实践教学,建立一体化的实践教学体系,相应地需要创新师资队伍,促进教师实践能力的提升和素质的优化,以保障城市管理专业教学体系高质量地运行。     

优化城市治安防范体系 创新警务管理模式——大连市社会管理创新的理论与实践研究

文章从非平衡和可拓分析的角度分析了在治安防范体系中推行信息效能特点以及警务转换桥机制,提出在社会管理创新的需求牵引下,要想使城市治安防范体系在改革与创新中获得时效,必须解决警务管理中的不相容问题。文中论述了危机意识、信息效能、学习精神和警务模式在其中的作用,提出了一些有待研究的课题。     

后奥运时代的城市文化特色与青岛城市发展

城市文化是指一个城市的地域特征、现存建筑及风格等实体性要素及其相互关系的总和;又是指一个城市的独特历史、市民的价值观、民俗民风、日常性和季节性的文化活动等直接相关的种种文化现象、文化因素及其相互关系的总和。城市文化是一个复杂的、多层次的系统。当今时代,培育城市、经营城市、发展城市已成为普遍的社会共识。以古齐文化为主脉,在欧陆文化碰撞交融下的青岛文化,具有务实性、开放性、平民化特性,青岛的海派文化特色孕育着休闲文化功能。奥林匹克精神为青岛文化与城市发展注入了新的生机和活力。