军事民事司法管辖研究

军事民事司法管辖是指军事法院与非军事法院在受理民事案件上的权限分工。军事民事司法管辖权在法律规范上一直处于不明确的状态 ,最高人民法院授权军事法院审理部分民事案件后人们开始对此进行研究。拟对军事民事司法管辖的产生与发展、军事民事司法管辖的内容特点、军事民事司法管辖的合法性等问题作一尝试性探讨。     

Support for the environment post-transition? Material concerns and policy tradeoffs

Though many individuals are aware of the need to address environmental concerns, fewer are willing to pay for climate action or think the environment should be a priority for government spending. One compelling reason is that they prioritize using scarce resources to address immediate material concerns. This is particularly likely for individuals facing absolute material scarcity or for those who think they are relatively economically worse off, especially in contexts characterized by rapid transformation and volatility in the levels and quality of social welfare provision. To test these expectations, we analyze survey data from formerly Communist economies, which today find themselves with vastly different fortunes. Empirical findings suggest that absolute and relative material scarcity affect opinions regarding government spending on, and the willingness to pay more for, environmental action. However, willingness to pay more for government public services, inclusive of anti-poverty initiatives, has an impact on willingness to pay more for climate action, but in counter-intuitive ways. Overall, the results appear to suggest that explicitly addressing and relating individual living standards and inequality with environmental concerns may expand support for climate action.     

Mobile Capital, Democratic Institutions, and the Public Economy in Advanced Industrial Societies

This article addresses the following questions. Is international capital mobility systematically related to reductions in the size of the public economy, as globalization theory suggests? Alternatively, do democratic institutions and processes shape the ways in which internationalization affects national policies? Specifically, I argue that the effects of capital mobility on the scope of the public economy should be conditioned by the institutional forms of societal interest representation and the formal organization of decision-making authority within the polity. Utilizing econometric analysis of 1964–1993 data from 16 nations, I find that international capital mobility has few direct effects on the scope of the public economy. However, configurations of democratic institutions fundamentally shape the domestic policy impacts of capital mobility. Where social corporatism and inclusive electoral institutions are strong and where decision-making authority within the polity is concentrated, international capital mobility is either unrelated to the scope of the public economy or positively associated with total public spending, social transfers, and public consumption. In institutional contexts of pluralist interest and exclusive electoral representation, and in polities where decision-making is dispersed, rises in capital mobility are systematically associated with rollbacks of the public sector.     

关于中国在缅军事基地的谣传

近15年来,涉及中国在缅军事基地的报道和论著源源不断。虽未获得证实,但中国对北印度洋的渗透的传闻已深刻影响缅甸邻国,尤其是印度的战略思维。安达曼海大椰子树岛的大型情报站和伊洛瓦底江三角洲海基岛海军基地的报告,已被作为缅甸沦为中国附属国的佐证。在其他观察家看来,这些基地的存在,明确显示就是中国在印度洋进行扩张的计划,甚至是它的全球野心。然而,印度政要于2005年承认,关于中国在大椰子树岛设置情报站的报告有假,并承认缅甸并无中国海军基地。因此彻底改变印度国防计划人员10多年来关注的两大焦点,导致人们怀疑有关缅甸存在其他"中国基地"的说法,进而引起对中缅关系现状及中国在北印度洋的战略利益的思考。     

俄罗斯与美国反恐战略之比较

在当今世界,俄罗斯和美国是遭受恐怖主义威胁最为严重的两个大国,反恐战略在俄罗斯和美国国家安全战略中都是不可或缺的组成部分。俄美两国在反恐战略的形成、恐怖主义威胁判断、反恐目标、军事反恐战略实践和国际反恐合作等方面有相同之处,也存在显著差别。随着俄美领导人的更换,两国反恐战略都在调整,并且选择了不同的战略取向。反恐是俄美两国合作的重要领域,但俄美反恐战略的分歧可能导致双方之间爆发摩擦乃至冲突。     

台湾地区军事司法的价值取向——以军事司法审级制度为视角

军事司法主要有两大价值,即秩序安全价值和权利保障价值。台湾地区军事司法的价值取向经历了维护军事秩序和安全的一元价值到秩序安全优先于权利保障、秩序安全和权利保障并重的二元价值的发展过程。军事司法价值取向的发展变化是台湾地区军事司法制度现代转型的内在动因,其突出表现是在军事司法审级制度方面,1956年之前实行一审一核制,1956年以后实行复判制度,1990年末改为实行上诉制度。在军事司法制度的改革和完善过程中,坚持以军人权利保障为基本价值理念,以促进当事人诉讼权利和实现司法公正为出发点和归宿。     

军事司法权能否推定

现代法治要求以权力法定为原则,以权力推定为例外。由于军事法理研究相对薄弱,以及法律与实践的内在冲突,军事司法权受军事统率权控制的制度惯性延续至今,表现在我国军事司法权配置中存在许多权力推定现象。基于现代法治的内在要求,以及依法治国方略和依法治军方针的现实需要,特别是军事司法权属于国家司法权的理论定位,在军事司法权配置实践中,应当严格限制军事司法权的推定,逐步实现从权力推定向权力法定的过渡,军事领导机关不宜再行使军事司法立法权,军事司法机关也不宜再行使军事司法解释权。     

Do Nasty and Pleasant Surprises Regarding Tax Revenue Explain Spending Drifts? The Case of the Swiss Cantons

This article aims to explain the difference between the expenditure reported in governmental end-of-the-year budgets and the amounts previously forecasted in the approved beginning-of-the-year budgets. We measure how political, financial, and institutional variables affect this spending drift. We focus on two much-debated factors, namely, tax revenue budgeting errors and the stringency of fiscal rules. Our econometric approach uses a panel based on the 26 Swiss cantons covering the period of 1980 to 2011. Results suggest that stringent fiscal rules discourage budget overruns, whereas underestimating tax revenue—i.e., a budgetary “pleasant surprise”—offers the opportunity for some overspending.     

Does Public Spending Improve Citizens’ Quality of Life? An Analysis of Municipalities’ Leisure Supply

This paper offers new evidence regarding the impact of public spending on the supply of leisure services on citizens’ spare-time quality of life. Using data from 103 Italian capital municipalities covering the period 2007–2010, the analysis revealed that public spending on leisure impacted spare-time quality of life in various ways, depending on the category of spending. Spending for tourism essentially followed an upward path, linearly enhancing citizens’ spare-time quality of life. Surprisingly, municipalities’ spending on sport- and culture-related services had a non-linear impact. Hence, spending on sports within a maximum threshold reveals a positive impact on spare-time quality of life, whereas passing over a minimum level of public spending for culture-related projects had a positive effect. This paper provides helpful suggestions for policymakers who approach decisions that address whether it is worth spending on leisure, which is typically a non-basic need but one that must be properly satisfied by municipalities in today’s service-based society.     

我国军事行政救济制度的有关问题

军事行政救济制度是国家行政救济制度的重要组成部分。从军事行政管理手段、保护军事行政相对人合法权益和依法治军的需要来看 ,建立军事行政救济制度十分必要。军事行政救济制度基本内容包括军事行政复议、军事行政诉讼、军事行政赔偿三大部分。军事行政救济制度整体上适应国家有关救济制度的法律规范 ,同时必须根据国家军事机关的特点 ,对军事行政救济制度中的军事行政复议、军事行政诉讼、军事行政赔偿中的许多具体问题进行系统研究。