European national news

The regular article tracking developments at the national level in key European countries in the area of IT and communications – co-ordinated by Herbert Smith LLP and contributed to by firms across Europe. This column provides a concise alerting service of important national developments in key European countries. Part of its purpose is to compliment the Journal's feature articles and Briefing Notes by keeping readers abreast of what is currently happening “on the ground” at a national level in implementing EU level legislation and international conventions and treaties. Where an item of European National News is of particular significance, CLSR may also cover it in more detail in the current or a subsequent edition.     

EU update

This is the latest edition of Baker & McKenzie's column on developments in EU law relating to IP, IT and telecommunications. This article summarises recent developments that are considered important for practitioners, students and academics in a wide range of information technology, e-commerce, telecommunications and intellectual property areas. It cannot be exhaustive but intends to address the important points. This is a hard copy reference guide, but links to outside websites are included where possible. No responsibility is assumed for the accuracy of information contained in these links.     

藏獒犬11个STR基因座遗传多态性

目的建立犬STR复合扩增体系,为犬个体识别和亲权鉴定提供一种检测方法。方法用自行建立的11个犬STR基因座复合扩增体系,使用ABI3130XL遗传分析仪,对107份藏獒唾液DNA样本的扩增产物进行检测及统计学分析。结果除1个基因座杂合度低于60%,其他10个基因座杂合度均高于70%;11个基因座PIC值均在0.6以上;11个基因座中有8个基因座的个体识别率在0.938以上,其余3个基因座均在0.826以上;父权排除率除TETRA为0.267,其余在0.401~0.749之间,偶合机率1.08×10-13。结论此11个犬STR基因座在藏獒犬中具有较高的个体识别能力,可用于犬类个体识别和亲权鉴定。     

基于有限理性论的立法技术及其在《食品安全法》中的适用

有限理性论在立法技术中的应用研究,不仅在理论上具有开拓性,而且在实践上具有有效性。在理论上的开拓性在于:第一,首次实现了从有限理性论展开对立法技术的研究;第二,首次梳理出基于有限理性论的立法技术的特征;第三,通过《食品安全法》,首次验证了基于有限理性论的立法技术对法律的解释、遵守和修改所具有的有效性。在实践上的有效性在于:基于有限理性论的立法技术要领,我们不仅对《食品安全法》的"天之问"给予合理解释,而且为《食品安全法》的修改与完善提供了有效且有针对性的建议。     

Why are the French so different from the Germans? Underpricing of IPOs on the Euro New Markets

We study the underpricing of firms listed on the two largest EuroNM stock exchanges, the Neuer Markt of Germany and the Nouveau Marché of France. We find that the high underpricing in these two markets – contrary to the evidence on the US – is not driven by insiders’ selling behaviour. However, the large underpricing is caused by the high degree of riskiness of the issuing firms and by the partial adjustment phenomenon of offer prices to compensate institutional investors for the truthful revelation of their demand for the shares. For France, lock-up agreements act as substitutes to underpricing, but not so for Germany. We also explore the reasons for the large difference in underpricing between the German and the French IPOs: German firms are more underpriced because they are riskier, have larger price revisions, have less stringent VC lock-up contracts, and go public mostly during the hot issue period when the general level of underpricing in all IPO markets is substantially higher.     

美国法庭科学DNA标准物质

美国国家标准和技术研究所(NIST)的标准物质(SRM)目录中提供了5种人类DNA标准物质(SRM2390,2391,2391 a,2392,2395),这5种DNA标准物质可以为法庭科学DNA鉴定提供参考标准。本文介绍这5种DNA标准物质的组成和产生,以期为我国进行相关研究提供借鉴和参考。     

牛四核苷酸STR基因座的筛选和多态性分析

目的筛选阴影带出现率低且多态性较高的牛四核苷酸STR基因座。方法用Tandem repeats finder软件搜索牛基因组中的四核苷酸重复STR序列片段,用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计引物,然后扩增、电泳,筛选出符合要求的STR基因座,并对100份无关黄牛个体血样进行STR基因座分型。结果共筛选出6个具有多态性的牛四核苷酸重复STR基因座（B006、B007、B008、B022、B025、B026）,其100份无关黄牛个体血样的累积个体识别率和累积非父排除概率分别为0.99995和0.859591。结论本研究筛选出的6个四核苷酸STR基因座阴影带出现率低且多态性较高,可用于牛的个体识别和亲子鉴定的研究。     

6个五核苷酸STR基因座荧光复合扩增体系的建立

目的 构建6个五核苷酸STR基因座荧光复合扩增体系。方法筛选6个多态性程度较高的五核苷酸STR基因座D10S2325、Penta B、Penta W、PentaX、Penta D和PentaE,按照复合扩增引物设计要求,重新设计引物并标记荧光染料,经反复调整和优化,构建6基因座荧光复合扩增体系,并用该复合扩增体系对239名武汉汉族无关个体进行分型。结果6个五核苷酸STR基因座荧光复合扩增体系分型稳定,可重复性好,与各自相应单基因座分型结果完全一致;累积个人识别率达0．999999988,累积非父排除率达0．998063807。结论本文构建的6个五核苷酸STR基因座荧光复合扩增体系具有很高的法医学实用价值,可作为商品化试剂盒的有效补充。     

欧美科技制裁协作的动力与分歧：基于欧盟的视角

科技制裁在持续的军事冲突中发挥着关键作用,在和平时期的地缘政治中也从未消失。欧盟与美国是最大的制裁实施者,双方的制裁协作在多个地区和领域产生了重要影响。虽然欧美科技制裁协作较为频繁,但欧盟和美国在制裁政策上仍存在诸多分歧。文章从欧美价值观、安全威胁和二级制裁这三个维度出发,剖析欧盟与美国进行科技制裁协作的动因与诱发分歧的因素,并选择俄罗斯、伊朗和中国这三个具有代表性和差异性的案例进行比较。欧盟与美国对俄罗斯的制裁协作水平最高;在伊朗案例中,二级制裁因素带来的欧美分歧较为突出;在中国案例中,欧美尚未达成明显的制裁共识。共同价值观、安全威胁的紧迫性、二级制裁压力等要素是促使欧盟参与美国科技制裁的重要动因。然而,不同的外交政策理念、安全认知的错位和二级制裁的反作用力也使欧美分歧难以弥合,大大削减了制裁效率。     

Looking through a policy window with tinted glasses: Setting the agenda for U.S. AI policy

The policy agenda is currently being established for artificial intelligence (AI), a domain marked by complex and sweeping implications for economic transformation tempered by concerns about social and ethical risks. This article reviews the United States national AI policy strategy through extensive qualitative and quantitative content analysis of 63 strategic AI policy documents curated by the federal government between 2016 and 2020. Drawing on a prominent theory of agenda setting, the Multiple Streams Framework, and in light of competing paradigms of technology policy, this article reviews how the U.S. government understands the key policy problems, solutions, and issue frames associated with AI. Findings indicate minimal attention to focusing events or problem indicators emphasizing social and ethical concerns, as opposed to economic and geopolitical ones. Further, broad statements noting ethical dimensions of AI often fail to translate into specific policy solutions, which may be explained by a lack of technical feasibility or value acceptability of ethics-related policy solutions, along with institutional constraints for agencies in specific policy sectors. Finally, despite widespread calls for increased public participation, proposed solutions remain expert dominated. Overall, while the emerging U.S. AI policy agenda reflects a striking level of attention to ethics—a promising development for policy stakeholders invested in AI ethics and more socially oriented approaches to technology governance—this success is only partial and is ultimately layered into a traditional strategic approach to innovation policy.