Avian influenza, ‘viral sovereignty’, and the politics of health security in Indonesia

Abstract

In December 2006, Indonesian Health Minister, Siti Fadilah Supari, shocked the world when announcing her government would no longer be sharing samples of the H5N1 avian flu virus, collected from Indonesian patients, with the World Health Organization, at a time when global fears of a deadly influenza pandemic were running high. For observers of Southeast Asian politics, the decision reinforced the view of the region as made up of states determined to protect their national sovereignty, at almost all costs. This established view of the region, however, generally neglects the variable and selective manner in which sovereignty has been invoked by Southeast Asian governments, or parts thereof, and fails to identify the conditions shaping the deployment of sovereignty. In this paper, it is argued that Siti's action was designed to harness claims of sovereignty to a domestic political struggle. It was a response to the growing fragmentation and, in some cases, denationalisation of the governance apparatus dealing with public health in Indonesia, along with the ‘securitisation’ of H5N1 internationally. The examination of the virus-sharing dispute demonstrates that in Southeast Asia sovereignty is not so much the ends of government action, but the means utilised by government actors for advancing particular political goals.     

地方蛋鸡群中A亚群禽白血病病毒的分离与全基因组序列分析

利用DF1细胞培养、ELISA和多聚酶链式反应(PCR)从地方蛋鸡群中分离并鉴定了1株A亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-A),命名为AH10。依据GenBank中已发表的序列分段扩增获得AH10株的全基因序列。序列对比分析发现,AH10株基因全长7 458 bp,其中gp85与国内另一蛋鸡A亚群SDAU09C3株同源性最高,氨基酸同源性达到96.5%。此外,AH10株在非编码区5′-LTR区域存在蛋鸡群A亚群禽白血病所共有的19个碱基的插入突变。研究结果进一步完善了我国地方蛋鸡群中禽白血病的流行病学信息。     

Avian Scavenging of Small‐Sized Pig Carcasses in Central Florida: Utilizing GIS to Analyze Site Variables Affecting Skeletal Dispersal

Scavengers can significantly alter a forensic scene and consume, modify, disarticulate, and disperse bodies on the ground surface. The research purpose was to examine vulture scavenging in central Florida, USA. Four small‐sized pig (Sus scrofa) carcasses were left on the ground surface of two microenvironments (shaded and open) at a secure site with game cameras. Dispersal data were mapped and analyzed using geographical information systems spatial analysis digital mapping tools. The primary avian scavengers recorded included black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), as well as bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Carcass dispersal patterns were impacted by foliage density (grass height and concentrations of bushes and trees) and proximity to the perimeter fence. While the majority of skeletal elements were dispersed within 6 m of the carcass deposition locations, dispersion occurred over a greater distance in the wooded microenvironment. Overall, vulture behaviors deleteriously destroyed and changed the context of the scene, with black vultures having the greatest impact.     

鸡IL-18对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌DNA疫苗的免疫佐剂作用

为了探索鸡IL-18在禽多杀性巴氏杆菌H基因DNA疫苗中的免疫佐剂作用,分别用共表达鸡IL-18基因和禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1H基因的DNA疫苗、鸡IL-18真核表达质粒pcDNA3/cIL-18与禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1H基因的DNA疫苗混合物、禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1H基因的DNA疫苗肌肉注射5周龄鸡,首免后每周采取外周血及外周抗凝血,应用ELISA和MTT法分别检测免疫鸡的体液免疫及细胞免疫水平。二免后第2周用10 LD50禽多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒菌株C48-1进行攻击。结果鸡IL-18能够明显增强禽多杀性巴氏杆菌H基因DNA疫苗的免疫原性,显著提高免疫鸡的体液免疫和细胞免疫水平,并且鸡IL-18与禽多杀性巴氏杆菌H基因共表达时的免疫佐剂作用最强,能强有力地抵抗强毒菌株C48-1的致死性攻击。结果表明,鸡IL-18可作为DNA疫苗的一种理想的免疫佐剂。     

抗GC血清的制备及鉴定

作者用分离纯化的GC蛋白免疫新西兰兔制备了抗GC血清。鉴定结果表明,抗GC血清与进口商品抗GC血清特异性相同;与人血清其他蛋白没有交叉反应。琼脂双向扩散法测得抗血清效价为128;可检出GC蛋白的最低浓度为3.1μg/ml。免疫电泳法可测出入血清三种GC表型。     

Dynamic changes of serum protein in rats with acute intoxication of Chinese cobra snake venom by proteomic analysis

To elucidate the toxic mechanism of snake venom at the protein level, proteomics technology was applied to investigate the effect of venom on circulation in the mammalian body. Temporal proteomic analysis was performed to profile the dynamic changes in the sera of Sprague–Dawley rats administered with Chinese cobra venom or saline. Using 8-plex iTRAQ analysis, 392 and 636 serum proteins were identified to be linearly upregulated or downregulated over time in the low-dose group and high-dose group, respectively. These proteins were mainly associated with the acute phase response pathway, complement system, and liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/RXR activation pathways. Compared with the low-dose group, the immune response and integrin pathways were inhibited in the high-dose group, although no obvious effect was observed. With consistently higher or lower expression in the high-dose group compared to the low-dose group throughout the whole process of venom poisoning, two proteins, Kininogen-1 (KNG1) and orosomucoid 1 (ORM1), which are involved in metabolism and immune response, occupied a core position in the pathway network and are considered venom dose-dependent biomarker candidates.     

鹅源H5N1禽流感病毒在感染雏鸡心脏的分布及所致病理变化

将120只1日龄SPF雏鸡随机分为对照组和7日龄(Ⅰ组)、21日龄(Ⅱ组)病毒感染组。Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组雏鸡分别于7和21日龄经鼻、眼、口感染鹅源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)稀释液,3组雏鸡分别于感染后第1、3、4、5、7、14、21d或死亡前心脏采血,并快速采取心脏,应用免疫酶组织化学染色、常规HE染色及电镜观察等方法检测了AIV在感染雏鸡心脏内的分布,并观察了心脏的形态、病理变化。结果发现,雏鸡感染AIV后1～7d,心脏的血管内皮细胞和心肌纤维内均呈现病毒抗原阳性,并可见心肌不同程度的病理损伤。表明鹅源H5N1AIV对雏鸡心脏具有较强的组织嗜性,可能与其导致感染雏鸡死亡密切相关。     

禽流感病毒血凝素基因的研究进展

叙述了禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素(HA)基因的特点,HA 基因编码蛋白质的结构和功能,HA基因与AIV致病力的关系及HA基因工程疫苗的研究近况,以为AI的预防和治疗研究提供参考。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C_(48-1)成熟外膜蛋白H重组亚单位疫苗免疫效果的研究

将融合表达禽多杀性巴氏杆菌成熟外膜蛋白H(OmpmH)的重组菌pGEX-ompmH／ BL21大量培养,在最佳诱导条件下诱导表达,表达产物经蛋白酶剪切及亲和层析纯化,得到Ompm H基因的原核表达产物,将其与弗氏完全佐剂混合制成油乳剂亚单位疫苗,用该疫苗肌肉注射接种5周龄鸡,首免后每周采血检测抗体,二免后第2周用10 LD50禽多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒菌株C48-1 进行攻击。结果显示,OmpmH具有良好的免疫原性,能诱导鸡体产生特异性抗体,可抵抗强毒菌株C48-1的致死性攻击,免疫效果优于禽多杀性巴氏杆菌弱毒疫苗。     

J亚群禽白血病病毒Hrb-1和JL-2株囊膜基因的克隆及遗传分析

采用特异性检测J亚群禽白血病病毒的RT PCR方法 ,自哈尔滨市及吉林省患病鸡群中分离鉴定出 2株J亚群禽白血病病毒 ,分别命名为Hrb 1和JL 2。 2株病毒经SPF鸡胚成纤维细胞增殖 ,获取其前病毒DNA。采用依据原型毒株HPRS 10 3cDNA序列设计并合成的 1对引物 ,进行PCR扩增 ,得到了JL 2和Hrb 1的囊膜基因。分别构建了重组质粒 pMD18 T JL2 /env和pMD18 T Hrb 1/env。在对 2株病毒囊膜基因进行序列测定的基础上 ,将囊膜基因中 gp85和 gp37的核苷酸序列及其推导氨基酸序列与国际上不同的参照毒株以及国内部分分离株进行了比较分析 ,结果表明 ,JL 2和Hrb 1分别与美国病毒株adol hc 1和UD3有着较大的亲缘关系。