Enterprising Culture: Discourses on Entrepreneurship in Nordic Cultural Policy

The sphere of arts and culture has been going through a process of economic reevaluation during the last few decades. Parallel to the rise of a creative economy discourse, which both in its political and scientific forms has highlighted the economic significance of culture and arts, entrepreneurship has become a feature in the cultural policy of many countries. In this article, we compare how entrepreneurship is established and used as a concept in cultural policy discourses in two Nordic countries, Norway and Finland. Through analyzing policy plans and documents, we discuss what is seen as positive cultural or artistic activity in the framework of entrepreneurship, and we identify the eligible cultural subjects of this discourse.     

想象竞合的功能及其存在根据

将罪数论升级为竞合论,关键在于要使罪数论的定罪量刑功能转变为竞合论的量刑功能。想象竞合是竞合论中最为重要的成员,它是一个针对自然行为犯数罪如何量刑的理论。在对想象竞合行为定罪时,犯罪构成仍是定罪的惟一标准,因此想象竞合为数罪,在判决书中,要将数罪一一列明。如果对想象竞合数罪并罚,就否定了其存在的必要性。不能对想象竞合数罪并罚的理由,就是想象竞合的存在根据。想象竞合的数罪中,不法量刑情节与特殊预防必要性的情节高度重合,数罪并罚会造成量刑中的重复评价。较轻的一罪在想象竞合的量刑中仍具有一定的发言权,即宣告刑不能低于轻罪的最低刑,同时必须考虑轻罪的附加刑。     

论私法自治与我国民法典——兼评《中华人民共和国民法(草案)》第4条的规定

私法自治是私法的最高原则和本质要求 ,私法具有内在治理与外部治理两种治理机制。私法中的任意性规范与强行性规范在私法中的价值取向不同 ,它们共同构成了私法自治的基础。现代私法并没有被社会化 ,自治仍然是私法的本质。我国民法典的制定应以私法自治的精神为价值取向。     

解读“规范出发型”诉讼理念——以具体个案为基点

“规范出发型”和“事实出发型”是分别作为代表罗马法系和日尔曼法系诉讼理念的关键词;在中国这一有着悠久成文法传统的国度,裁判案件应在“规范出发型”理念下指导下进行。一般来说,实体法保护的权利仅限于自身框架之内,避免以虚构权利的方式达到保护利益的目的,特别是在该利益可以通过实体法上本来就具有的权利予以保护之时。在适用上,外部的基准应是民事实体法,而不应是宪法;内部的基准应是以规则为主体,只在个别情况下适用原则予以矫正或弥补。     

冲突规范性质的法理学分析

冲突规范是国际私法三大组成部分之一,它的性质认定是阐述国际私法其他问题的先决条件和判断标准。本文结合国外国际私法立法现状,对冲突规范的性质和法律规范的性质进行了分析。得出结论,冲突规范的性质属于法的技术性规定而非法律规范。同时本文也阐述了冲突规范的“工具性”和“目的性”的辨证关系。     

乡村振兴中少数民族主体地位的实现路径——基于社会创业的视角

社会因素与经济因素相互作用共同影响着少数民族农牧民的经济活动安排,重视经济理性而忽视经济行为背后的社会结构就会产生农牧民主体地位缺失问题。社会创业强调经济与社会的融合关系,尤其是重视社会在经济活动安排中的功能发挥,为民族地区乡村振兴提供了新视角。课题组对内蒙古通辽市3个苏木12个嘎查进行调查,发现了少数民族农牧民主体地位缺失的原因,并以扎鲁特旗玛拉沁艾力养牛合作社为例,阐释本土化社会创业是实现少数民族农牧民主体地位的根本路径。     

Policy entrepreneurship in developing countries: A systematic review of the literature

What can be learned from two decades of studies on policy entrepreneurship in developing countries? Policy entrepreneurship is a rapidly evolving analytical concept. A growing number of studies exploring public policy in developing countries use policy entrepreneurship as an explanatory theoretical concept. However, a substantial part of this research relies on qualitative case study analysis, lacking a comprehensive overview of the concept of policy entrepreneurship. This paper conducts a systematic review of the literature on policy entrepreneurship in developing countries. A total of 47 papers addressing policy entrepreneurship in the developing world, published between 1993 and 2017, have been analysed. The purpose and contribution of this paper are to offer a clearer picture of policy entrepreneurship in the developing world by concentrating on two aspects. First, we describe the characteristics of the studies on policy entrepreneurship in the developing world. Second, we analyse such studies, identifying the lessons that can be drawn on the phenomenon of policy entrepreneurship in the developing world. We conclude with an agenda for future studies, examining new theoretical, methodological, and empirical opportunities to advance the understanding of policy entrepreneurship in developing countries.     

Entrepreneurship-driven public management reforms in Southeast Asia: Critical implications for public accountability

In recent decades, public management has been restructured worldwide for greater efficiency and innovation based on entrepreneurship-driven models such as Reinventing Governance, New Public Management, and post-NPM frameworks. The primary intent of these business-like models is instilling entrepreneurship, which would encourage risk-taking innovation, managerial autonomy, performance orientation, and customer choice. Such entrepreneurial orientation is embedded in organizational-managerial reforms related to human resource management, budgeting framework, performance benchmarking, and so on. These entrepreneurship-driven reforms have significant impacts on administrative structure, procedures, and norms affecting the process of public sector accountability. In line with such global trends, most countries in Southeast Asia have embraced some of these pro-market business-type reforms in public management to enhance its entrepreneurship, innovation, and competition, which have implications for managerial control, neutrality, regulation, and integrity required for public accountability. This article explores these entrepreneurship-driven reforms in the region and evaluates their critical implications for the long-established institutions, structures, and procedures of public accountability.     

关于当前公民道德建设几个重大关系问题的思考

着力提高全民族的道德素质,是全面建设小康社会的基本目标和重要保障。为此,必须将全面贯彻十六大关于道德建设的精神与切实落实《纲要》密切结合起来。当前,在公民道德规范的概括、提炼和倡行上,应该正确认识“基本道德规范”的地位、重点以及与其他规范、与“三德”着力点的关系。在我国现阶段道德建设的实际操作过程中,应该体现法制一定程度先行的原则,发挥法律规范的更直接、更强有力的保证作用;同时注重公民道德的实践养成,从具体的行为入手,加强道德教化、训练、指导;还应处理好公民道德建设中的“三德”并行、整体推进与城乡优势互补、各有侧重的关系,处理好全体公民的道德建设与抓好干部、青少年两个重点的关系。     

经济法的观念基础与规则构成——对“需要国家干预论”的反思与拓展

作为经济法的重要学说之一的“需要国家干预论”,因其影响大,而争论和分歧也多,分歧的焦点在于对“谁之‘需要’”与“‘干预’什么”存在不同理解。对此问题,按整体主义理解,国家干预是社会基于整体经济发展的“需要”,这意味着“需要”的主体是社会,干预的内容是具有全局性和社会公共性经济关系。正因“需要”的主体是社会,就防止了国家干预的恣意性,同时,社会整体利益因有国家代表而得以保障,从而彰显了经济法的社会本位属性。另外,社会的“需要”决定了经济法的目的,目的作为指针指出了经济主体的行为准则,同时,整体构造的复杂性预示了经济法技术规范的复杂性与多样性。