为礼所缚的汉代皇权——有关礼之规范功能的一个考察

在中国古代,礼无疑是一套自洽的规范。法律史学界一般只论及礼对法典的影响,很少探讨礼本身,更缺乏对礼治场景的细节性分析。由于汉朝是儒家占据意识形态统治地位的初始阶段,因此汉朝皇权与礼制的关系是考察这一问题的有效切入点。在汉代,董仲舒"天人三策"之后,儒家思想与皇权的关联性日益强化,学习儒术出身的官员或者说儒吏的数量也不断增加。在这种情况下,皇帝对礼制的守护将博得儒吏群体的忠心和支持,他对礼制的违反则将导致儒吏群体的口诛笔伐。礼的规范功能正是在皇帝与儒吏群体的互动中体现出来的,它所蕴含的独特法律意味也因此获得阐释。     

浅谈刑事案件中的“情况说明”

"情况说明"这一证据材料在刑事司法实践中大量存在并作为定案证据被广泛运用。然而其特殊的表现形式又未见于法定的八类证据之中。不是所有的"情况说明"都具有证据的属性。通过对"情况说明"证据属性的梳理,我们发现"情况说明"除了不能担当犯罪嫌疑人、被告人供述和辩解、视听资料、勘验、检查、辨认、侦查实验笔录这三类证据之外,可以成为其他四类证据。     

Lived reality and the multiplicity of norms: a critical tribute to George Canguilhem

Canguilhem considered the lived reality of a disease that makes a person visit a doctor with clinical complaints as more important than the deviance that may be detected in the laboratory. He also insisted that doing medicine is a technique mobilized to improve life rather than an assemblage of neutral scientific facts. But these two ways of insisting on lived reality have different consequences. In line with the second, I present various ways in which clinical normality and laboratory normality are handled in current day medical practice. I consider where that leaves the first approach of setting standards. The multiplicity of normalities detected raises the question of how the various medical normalitiesrelate. For if they hang together coherently, medicine, by normalizing, might actively help to order the society of which it forms a part. But what if the various medical normalities contradict each other and inform different orders?     

Life,reason and history: reading Georges Canguilhem today

This paper outline some of the central feature of the approach to historical epistemology developed by Georges Canguilhem and argues for their contemporary significance in relation to recent changes in the life sciences. It develops this in relation to three lines of enquiry.The first concerns the specific characteristics of scientific reason.The second conerns the relations betweeen knowledge of life and life itself.The third concerns the role that historical work on scientific reason can play within contemporary critical thought.In each area it proposes some developments of Canguilhem's approach, and illustrates this with examples from biology,medicine and psychology.     

Assessment of country‐risk on the euromarkets

Recent years have seen several studies and proposals from national parliaments (NPs) to deepen their direct involvement in European decision-making, most notably by strengthening the early warning mechanism (EWM – also known as yellow card procedure). The EWM is a technical-legalistic procedure that is restricted to subsidiarity. This ‘straightjacket’ is too limited as a monitoring tool for European policies more broadly and can hardly be seen as a response to current democratic concerns. Framing the EWM as a democratic solution to empower NPs thus risks becoming one of Europe’s empty mantras.     

区分《公司法》中强制性规范与任意性规范之路径

强制性规范与任意性规范的界限并不是一成不变,而是会随着自治与强制之间平衡的发展而变化。这种动态表明,任何试图事先精确区分二者而一劳永逸的做法注定徒劳无功。但通过类型化确定一个大致的区分标准与判断取向,再通过法官的判决使大致、模糊的区分在个案中得以明确化是一个值得尝试的思路。     

论行政刑法规范的适用与罪刑法定原则

行政刑法规范是规定对违反行政上义务的行为予以相应刑罚处罚的法规,在我国仍然是基于刑法上明确规定的罪名而予以制裁的法规。它并不是独立于刑法的其他的特别部分,而是刑法固有的一部分。因而对于违反行政法规的行为,在刑法规定有可以不适用刑法总则的特别规定时,适用该特别规定,而在有关犯罪以及刑罚的基本原则方面仍应适用刑法典的规定。至于空白行政刑法规范,由于犯罪构成事实的基本轮廓以及刑种与刑度已经有明确规定,而只是将其一部分构成要件授权其他法律或行政命令补充,因而并不违反罪刑法定原则的基本要求。     

The European Court of Justice and the Annulment of the Tobacco Advertisement Directive: Friend of National Sovereignty or Foe of Public Health?

In Case C-376/98 Germany v Council the European Court of Justice annulled a Directive which banned the advertisement and sponsorship of tobacco. The judgment sanctions regulatory policy-making at the national rather than the Community level. The paper examines the legal basis of the annulment, its effect on economic efficiency and the implied role of the Court in the formulation of public policy in Europe. Within the institutional limits of the judicial power to determine policy, the Court focused on whether or not disparate national laws restrict free movement and distort competition and affirmed the primacy of the nation state to regulate economic activity.     

论行政强制检查

结合行政检查在实践中的运用以及正在酝酿制定中的《行政强制法》的相关内容,参考国外经验,对我国行政强制检查理论和制度应给予充分关注。行政强制检查权必须依法设定,权力分配应贯彻比例原则,其行使过程应加强程序监控和疏通救济渠道,同时充分保障相对方的合法权利。     

Friction or flows? The translation of Resolution 1325 into practice in Rwanda

ABSTRACT

After almost 20 years with Resolution 1325 and the ‘women, peace and security’ agenda, the results achieved seem rather disappointing. This article analyses how the global gender norms laid out in Resolution 1325 have been translated into practice in a local post-conflict setting – Rwanda as a ‘best-case’ scenario on gender equality. Drawing on the theoretical literature on norm translation and the concepts of friction and flows, together with fieldwork-based research, the article analyses how international and national actors in Rwanda have reshaped and adapted the principles laid out in Resolution 1325. The main argument is that the processes of norm translation in Rwanda are characterised less by flows and more by friction and uneven processes of translation. The article concludes that the predominant successes are the inclusion of women in decision-making and at the lower levels in the security sector. However, women are still excluded, and gender issues marginalised, in the ‘big’ negotiations on peace and security, and high levels of violence against women persist.