不完全契约形态：转型社会的社区治理结构——以上海康健地区业主委员会的发展为例

本文以业主组织的发展为例,考察分析中国城市基层社会治理结构的变化,进而探讨作为转型社会的微观基础——社区治理结构中的契约规范能否进一步扩展的问题。通过对上海康健地区业主委员会的个案研究,本文认为,社会契约形态的形成就是“个别性契约规范”向“关系性契约规范”转换的实现,以业主委员会、物业公司、居委会三方为基本主体的新的社区治理结构呈现不完全契约形态向契约形态发展态势。在社区治理结构中,随着各个独立交往主体都将获得更多或者完全的自主性,契约规范形成并发展着,但这并不会一帆风顺。在此过程中,以制度为杠杆的动态平衡非常重要。随着住房商品化程度的提高,随着开放条件下社会交往关系的发展,社区治理结构还将长期在不完全契约形态中运作,但未来的社区治理将以完全契约关系为生长点和发展指向而得到长足的推进。     

道德的起源与人的需要

在伦理思想史上 ,许多思想家都曾对道德的起源问题进行过研究和探讨 ,并取得了一定的认识成果 ,但从总体上看 ,都未能正确揭示道德的起源。道德作为一种特殊的精神现象 ,实质上是一种人际关系的调节机制和协调方式 ,也是一种人的自我完善和自我发展的方式。它是人类为了满足个体与群体生存与繁衍的需要 ,协调相互关系、求得共同发展的需要 ,以及自我肯定、自我完善和自我发展的需要 ,而确定的一种平衡机制和实现方式。不论从道德的本质来看 ,还是从其功能与作用来看 ,道德都是人的需要的产物 ,人作为主体的需要是道德得以产生的根源。     

违法性认识与刑法认同

刑法规范具有行为规范和裁判规范一体两面的双重功能——既是行为人指导行为的基本准则,又是司法者依法进行裁判的规则体系。生活中由于行为人总是受制于种种“前见”而选择自身行为,其对行为规范的理解往往同反映法共同体当下要求的裁判规范并不一致,于是便产生行为人在刑法上的违法性认识错误问题。由于刑法上的双重规范意义同属于对同一行为的社区价值评价范畴,两者在社会主流文化价值观念上应当尽可能求取一致。因此,解决违法性认识错误问题,应以社会主流价值观念作为司法最终的裁判标准,同时注意发挥刑法裁判规范对应然价值及未然秩序的导向作用。     

刑法规范结构分析的基点初论--刑法规范结构之内涵与意义探究

刑法规范结构的内涵与意义是用结构分析方法研究刑法规范的两个基点。前者主要指作为整体的刑法规范本身与刑法规范各个组成部分之间相互联系的形态。后者主要在于繁荣刑法学研究,建构科学的刑法理论体系;进一步加强刑事法治建设,提高刑事立法与刑事司法质量;更有效地促进法治建设事业,保护国家利益、公共利益与个人利益。     

The Natural Law Foundation of the Market

In answering three important questions related to natural law, this paper offers a coherent explanation of the market. We argue that the market, rather than a mechanism that simply serves narrow self-interests, finds its legitimacy in the ethical origins of the market order. The need for law to support and sustain the market, including by imposing necessary limits on the freedom of the market players, flows from those ethical origins.     

法治实践中价值、规范与事实关系初探

法是存在于价值、规范和事实三个不同界域中的统一体.在这三种界域当中,法律中分别以价值形态、规范形态和事实形态存在.法的这三种形态既有明显区别、彼此独立,又互相连接并互相转化.从这一基本原理出发,可以揭示出法治的新结构与新内涵,即法治是一个包括立法、守法、执法和司法及其后的反思评价三个不同阶段及其不同内容的完整统一体.     

The contested spaces of civil society in a plural world: norm contestation in the debate about restrictions on international civil society support

Civil society organizations are facing increasing political restrictions all over the world. Frequently, these restrictions apply to the foreign funding of NGOs and thus curtail the space for external civil society support, which, since the 1990s, has become a key element in international democracy and human rights promotion. This so-called ‘closing space’ phenomenon has received growing attention by civil society activists, policymakers and academics. Existing studies (and political responses), however, neglect the crucial normative dimension of the problem at hand: As we show, the political controversy over civil society support is characterized by norm contestation, and this contestation reveals competing perceptions of in/justice and touches upon core principles of contemporary world order. Taking this dimension into account is essential if we are to academically understand, and politically respond to, the ‘closing space’ challenge. It is also highly relevant with regard to current debates on how to conceptualize and construct order in a world that is plural in many regards and in which liberal norms are fundamentally contested. Empirically, the paper combines an assessment of the global debate about closing space in the UN Human Rights Council with an analysis of a specific controversy over the issue in US-Egyptian relations.     

A Green Post-capitalist Alternative to a System of Accumulation: A Bioregional Economy*

This paper explores capital accumulation as the engine of the capitalist mode of production. Accumulation drives the socio-economic damage caused by capitalism, as well as the environmental crises of land use, climate change and resource depletion. It may not be possible to address these problems within a reformed capitalism. Rather, such a goal can only be met within “a practical, workable post-capitalist and post-accumulative ecological economy, an economy by the people, for the people, that is geared to production for need, not for profit” [Smith, R. (2010). “Beyond Growth or Beyond Capitalism?” Real-World Economics Review 53: 28–42., 42]. This paper sets out a post-capitalist alternative, drawing from green economics and Marxian economics, that is, applied at a local and regional level.     

试论作为授权规范的“私法自治”

在宪政层面,"私法自治"承载着人们对于法治的基本信念.然而,在法律规范层面,"私法自治"却是立法者的产物,是国家干预的体现.私人依据"私法自治"条款只是从立法者那里获得了为自己制定主要规则的权限;这一规则变成法律规则需要经受立法者设定的种种资格考验.法院接受立法的授权,既是私人规则能否具有法律效力的审查者和决定者,同时也是法律效力得到确认的私人规则的执行者之一.     

非法实物证据的排除模式：利益权衡与客观化基准

在刑事诉讼领域，“利益权衡”是平衡人权保障和犯罪控制两大理念的重要法律方法。针对非法实物证据的排除，利益权衡的法律方法在比较法上发挥着重要制度机能，美国实行的是实践意义的利益权衡、德国等实行的是规范意义的利益权衡、新西兰实行的是转型意义的利益权衡。但作为一种主观性较强的方法论，它也存在制度局限与客观化诉求。因此，我国在实物证据的排除领域引进利益权衡方法时，也应设定相应的客观化基准。