水牛卵母细胞去核方法的比较

水牛卵母细胞体外成熟22 h后,分别用盲吸法、点击法和纺锤体成像系统(Spindleview System)去核。结果,三者的去核率分别为65．1％、81．8％和95．0％,差异极显著(P< 0．01)。以水牛胎儿成纤维细胞为供体,通过核移植构建的重构胚的融合率、分裂率和囊胚发育率, 在上述3种方法之间均没有显著差异(P>0．05)。认为点击法是一种较为简单、实用和有效的去核方法。     

试论中国对国际法发展的新贡献

和谐世界理论，搁置争议、共同开发制度，解决朝核问题六方会谈是我国近年来对国际法发展的新贡献。和谐世界理论继承了国际法的基本原则和精神，巩固和发展了国际法的基本原则。搁置争议，共同开发制度已在许多相类似国际争端中被使用，具有了国际习惯的性质。“六方会谈”创造性地运用了和平解决国际争端的多种方式，为解决相似争端树立了典型。     

基于义务的合作：角色理论与中美东亚安全互动

共同利益常被视为国际安全合作的重要基础,但鉴于中美之间的利益冲突众多,有必要把强调义务而非利益的、基于角色的合作模式作为补充的合作路径。在国际安全关系中,相关国家所应承担的角色及义务有其客观性,基于角色的合作能够为相关议题以及行为体间的合作提供一个相对客观、中性的规范指南与解决方案。朝鲜半岛核问题、南沙岛礁主权争端是东亚安全的两大挑战,中美在这两大问题上的角色互补,是两国基于角色推进良性安全互动的切入点。但出于维护地区霸权的利益考虑以及地区制约机制的缺乏,美国在这两个问题上的角色错位和义务失范趋势越来越明显:美国在朝核问题上逃避自己当事方的责任,本是南沙岛礁主权争端问题的第三方却试图选边站,使得东亚安全局势更加复杂,中美冲突的可能性增加。为此,有必要彰显规则意识,强调相关国家特别是美国在东亚安全议题上的角色义务,最终促使美国角色回归并与中国开展良性安全互动。     

Weapons as political symbolism: the role of US tactical nuclear weapons in Europe

This study evaluates the role of tactical nuclear weapons (TNWs) for NATO today. Historically, TNWs fulfill five objectives. First, they provide a deterrent by denial capability. Second, TNWs serve to deter TNWs by other countries. Third, as the most ‘useable’ of nuclear weapons, they offer militaries solutions to a small target set of hardened targets. Fourth, they bridge the interface between nuclear and conventional forces, maintaining linkage up the ladder of escalation. Fifth, they serve as a powerful political symbol of an extended deterrent commitment. While the perception is that their utility for NATO in plausible European contingencies is low, we argue that there is variation in the political and military roles of TNWs. We submit that, in general, the first role has lost its significance but the other objectives remain relevant to NATO's present political circumstances, especially as a symbol of the transatlantic relationship and as a safeguard against Russian belligerence. Accordingly, TNWs remain a significant part of NATO's capabilities and should remain deployed in Europe.     

压力循环技术用于人指甲DNA提取及方法学评价

目的将压力循环技术（PCT）用于指甲DNA提取,并对方法学进行评价。方法收集10份人指甲样本,剪碎约为1mm×1mm大小,采用10%漂白粉水,10%SDS,10%漂白粉水,无菌水清洗样本。10份样本各分成两组,1组用压力循环技术处理,另1组不作处理,提取DNA经复合扩增并进行STR分型检测,用于评价压力循环技术的作用。取5份指甲样本用血浸泡,5份用去离子水浸泡,之后采用上述清洗方法各清洗1-3次,收集各次清洗用的无菌水提取DNA,经STR分型检测,用于评价清洗对去除外源性DNA的效果。结果 10份经压力循环技术处理的样本中有7例比相应未经处理样本DNA提取量更高,但两组进行统计学处理,差异不具有统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组样本中提取DNA含量在0.026 ng以上的样本均得到完整的STR分型,与相应口腔拭子样本对照准确无误。血污染和非血污染样本清洗二次以上,均可避免外源性DNA的污染。结论使用压力循环技术并配合本文清洗方法,可有效提高人指甲DNA的提取效率,并避免外源性生物DNA的干扰,保证DNA分型结果的准确。     

大鼠死后肝细胞核DNA的组织化学定量研究

推断死亡时间是法医学尸体检验须解决的重要问题之一。本实验用显微分光光度计定量测定了不同环境温度下（１０℃、２０℃、３０℃）大鼠死后不同时间肝细胞核ＤＮＡ平均含量，发现１０℃、２０℃、３０℃下大鼠死后肝细胞核ＤＮＡ含量与死亡时间呈负线性相关，其相关系数分别为—０．９９０５、—０．９８６３、—０．９７０２，且随环境温度升高ＤＮＡ含量的下降速度明显加快。作者认为ＤＮＡ组织化学定量技术可望成为推断死亡时间的新方法。     

China's policies towards arms control and disarmament: From passive responding to active leading

This paper reviews the evolution of China's policies towards arms control and disarmament in the past four decades. In so doing it analyzes the major factors shaping policy development, highlights the new challenges that China now confronts in arms control and disarmament and advances a new agenda for China in the contemporary context.     

African agency and global orders: the demanding case of nuclear arms control

Abstract

How much agency do African states have to shape global orders? This study puts the global nuclear order under scrutiny to answer this question. It amounts to a demanding case. Arms control is something that global great powers take very seriously, and there is no weapons category that they take more seriously than nuclear weapons. My findings provide a nuanced picture. Although often outflanked and frustrated by nuclear weapon states, the nuclear order would look different without African actors exerting their agency. They successfully shaped background and foreground institutions constituting the global nuclear order by building advocacies for new institutions upon already existing ones, reaching out to state and non-state actors outside of Africa, and channelling communication through African states with authority in global fora. This study makes three contributions: First, it underlines the key finding of recent literature on African agency that African actors are more to be reckoned with than often assumed. Second, it provides novel evidence about the diplomatic mechanisms through which they come to make a difference. Third, it adds to our grasp of the constitution of global orders as well as the processes through which they come to be made, re-made and unmade more generally.     

Minimally invasive postmortem telebiopsy

For the past 10 years, medical imaging techniques have been increasingly applied to forensic investigations. To obtain histological and toxicological information, tissue and liquid samples are required. In this article, we describe the development of a low-cost, secure, and reliable approach for a telematic add-on for remotely planning biopsies on the Virtobot robotic system. Data sets are encrypted and submitted over the Internet. A plugin for the OsiriX medical image viewer allows for remote planning of needle trajectories that are used for needle placement. The application of teleradiological methods to image-guided biopsy in the forensic setting has the potential to reduce costs and, in conjunction with a mobile computer tomographic scanner, allows for tissue sampling in a mass casualty situation involving nuclear, biological, or chemical agents, in a manner that minimizes the risk to involved staff.     

Accuracy and reliability of cone beam computed tomography of the jaws for comparative forensic identification: a preliminary study

Conventional computed tomography is an emerging modality in forensic identification but is not sufficiently accurate for use in dental identification primarily because of problems with metallic dental restoration-induced streak artifact. In this study, the accuracy and reliability of recording forensic information from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of the jaws when compared to conventional panoramic radiographs has been analyzed under experimental conditions. Information could be recorded with near-perfect repeatability and reproducibility. Information could also be recorded accurately, the sensitivity being 96.6% (95% CI, 95.1-98.1) and specificity being 98.4% (95% CI, 96.2-100). The metal dental restoration-induced streak artifact was at a level that permitted, in most cases, accurate observations. This is considered an important step in validating CBCT as a tool in comparative dental identification of bodies. It may have a role in mass fatalities and in chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incidents, but further studies are required to assess the feasibility of this.