Volatile Organic Compounds,Spectral Characterization and Morphology of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Samples

Ammonium nitrate fuel oil is an explosive mixture found in most antipersonnel landmines (APL) buried throughout the Colombian territory. During more than 50 years of internal conflict, the Colombian government has found that trained dogs are the most effective method to detect APL. However, the olfactive signature in ANFO is unknown and also if there are differences in detection related to the explosive manufacturing origin. Therefore, this work begins with the analytical validation of the method used to determine ammonia, in its derivatized form as carbamate, released by home-made ANFO using HS-SPME-GC-FID. Once validated, the method was used to identify ammonia and other organic volatile compounds present in ANFO, under laboratory and simulated field conditions. The validation process includes the evaluation of the optimum conditions for the derivation and extraction of butylcarbamate, the determination of the working ranges with linear response in FID, the limits of detection and quantification, the sensitivity, and the precision. The results of the validation established linearity and sensitivity in a concentration between 20 and 120 mg/L, as well as low limits of detection and quantification of 6.4 and 21.4 mg/L, respectively. Also, an intermediate precision of 11% for butylcarbamate with a repeatability of 8%. The validated method showed in real samples of home-made ANFO besides ammonia, the presence of low molecular methylamines, and also exhibited differences in volatile compositions according to the origin. The objective of this work is to offer a reliable analytical methodology for the extraction and analysis of volatile compounds from ANFO.     

大鼠吸入原油和汽油对器官损害的组织形态学变化的比较性研究

观察大鼠吸入原油蒸气和汽油蒸气对器官损害的组织形态学变化,可为法医学鉴定和医学的防治提供依据。健康成年SD大鼠25只,随机分为正常对照组、原油实验组、93号无铅汽油实验组、死后对照组,每组5只。建模成功后,在光镜下观察大鼠主要器官的组织形态学变化。动物模型的制作均获得成功,光镜下观察心脏、肺脏、肝脏、肾脏、脑组织细胞形态均有明显的异常改变。大鼠吸入原油蒸气和汽油蒸气对主要器官有明显的损害作用,为法医学鉴定提供了有价值的依据。     

我国食用油价格异常波动的成因与对策研究

一般认为，我国食用油市场价格异常波动的成因在于国际市场食用油价格的大幅波动以及食用油料非食用原料化的影响。但深层次的原因更在于长期以来重粮轻油的战略性失误，进而过度依赖国际市场食用油资源，酿成了我国食用油价格受制于国际市场食用油价格的被动局面。此外，现行食用油储备体制缺乏必要的应急应变功能，未能起到及时调控市场、稳定市场的积极作用。为确保食用油安全，应当坚定不移地立足国内，在统筹食用油生产发展的基础上，有利、有节、适度利用国际市场食用油资源平衡供求。与此同时，要深化储备油管理体制改革，切实提升宏观调控能力和水平，改善调控机制，有效稳定市场，保障民生。     

用《论语》思想构建和谐采油院

《论语》的基本精神“仁、义、札、智、信”，不仅是伦理之道，而且也是经营管理之道。2007年是胜利油田的“和谐文化建设年”，胜利油田采油院把学《论语》引入到企业和谐文化建设中来。《论语》赋予采油院和谐文化建设新的生命力与形式。     

China and global development: towards a Global-Asian Era?

The rise of China as an economic and political ‘driver’ of the global economy may presage a new phase of globalization. This paper postulates the emergence of this new phase – a ‘Global-Asian Era’ (GAE) – as a ‘working hypothesis’. It suggests that such an era is likely to be distinct from any of the earlier phases of globalization, and China's global footprint, in terms of its business, economic and political actions and their geopolitical implications, is likely to be markedly different from what has gone before. The paper sketches the reasons for these differences before turning to a discussion of the nature and dynamics of a possible future GAE. Paying particular attention to the developing world, the paper then explores some of the evidence that could be marshalled in support of the hypothesis. It outlines a series of vectors (trade, aid and energy security) along which it is possible to discern some of the ways in which an emergent GAE could be seen as impacting on the developing world. The paper argues that, at least for these vectors, a China-driven GAE is likely to provide dangers as well as opportunities for national development projects.     

国际原油价差中的政治因素

国际石油价格一直是影响各国经济发展的重要因素，同时石油定价作为一种经济问题也会威胁各国能源安全，从而转化成为政治问题。作为世界上两种最重要的基准油,西得克萨斯州轻质原油（WTI）和布伦特原油（Brent）是国际石油定价中的核心要素，两者价格从历史上来看基本趋平，但从2010年至今,这两种原油价格倒挂价差峰值大，持续时间长，从本质上改变了WTI 和Brent相互参照联动的关系。从历史上WTI和Brent四次价差拉大案例的发展变化，可以看出政治因素能够影响并左右国际石油定价的经济问题。从中国角度来看，WTI和Brent倒挂对中国来说是一把双刃剑，一方面，美国由于获得低油价优势制造成本下调，中国制造占相对优势的行业相对处于劣势；另一方面，美国WTI对油价的低估，将导致其他石油生产国更倾向于同中国合作，并且WTI影响力的下降给中国参与国际石油定价系统提供了更大的空间。     

应对金融危机:从比较中看俄罗斯经济的转型与发展

1998年和2008年的两次金融危机俄罗斯都没能幸免。两次危机中,虽然诱因不同,但俄罗斯均表现出了股市下挫、银行遭遇流动性危机、卢布贬值等特征。就危机前的宏观经济背景而言,两次危机期间都发生了国际原油价格的大幅下挫,但石油价格下降的原因、幅度及其对俄罗斯造成的影响却有所不同;两次危机都使俄罗斯受负债拖累,但1998年以主权债务为主,而2008年以企业债为主。从根本上来讲,两次危机都暴露出了俄罗斯"依靠油气收益和外国低息贷款来发展经济"的致命弱点,并且显示出近十年的经济转型与发展尚未从根本上改变其经济结构和发展模式。通过两次危机的对比,也再次证明市场经验不足的转型与发展中国家一定要慎重对待金融的开放与自由化。     

不同产地白花前胡饮片挥发油化学成分的比较

目的:通过研究分析不同产地白花前胡饮片的挥发油化学成分,为白花前胡饮片的质量控制提供实验依据。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取白花前胡饮片的挥发油,用GC-MS法对其化学成分进行鉴定。结果:鉴定了挥发油中21种主要成分,其中有6种主要成分的相对含量超过60%。结论:主产区白花前胡饮片的挥发油成分没有明显差异,可以作为质量控制依据之一。     

21世纪日本对外能源战略

本文依据关于日本能源方面的新数据,揭示了日本能源进口、利用效率、能源结构和战略储备等新情况。阐述了日本的新国家能源战略,及其基于这一战略的对外能源战略和能源外交。分析日本实行对能源生产国家进行大规模能源合作与国际能源协调的外交政策。提出了包括实现能源来源多元化、加强与传统油气重点地区及国家关系等在内的日本国际能源战略五大方向。并对日本的国际能源战略的动机、效果和战略的恰当与否进行了深入评析。     

上海合作组织与中国的石油战略

本文拟针对对中国的能源消费特别是石油消费的现状 ,分析上海合作组织对中国石油战略的重大意义 ,并进而探讨中国的石油战略。