Russia's energy governance transitions and implications for enhanced cooperation with China,Japan, and South Korea

A Tokyo-based economist and a noted western economic geographer, both specializing in the hydrocarbon resources of Russia, apply the framework of governance studies in an effort to gain a deeper understanding of the recent changes in the country's energy policy-making. The authors argue that, unlike the international relations paradigm prevailing in studies of Russia's energy policy, the country's multiple roles in the international energy arena (as producer, consumer, exporter, importer, and transit state) warrant a more nuanced approach, reflecting Russian energy policy's flexibility over time and diversity across space. This paper endeavors, therefore, to apply a political economy and governance perspective to an understanding of the significant changes in Russia's energy policy-making regarding its dynamic energy relations with the Northeast Asia (NEA; China, Japan, and South Korea). In exploring the complex interactions between Russia's internal energy policy-making and its emerging energy relations in NEA, the authors addresses three key questions, namely: (1) how Russia's Asian energy policy corresponds to its domestic needs, (2) how much coherence in energy governance and cooperation exists between Russia and the Northeast Asian states at the institutional and organizational levels, and (3) the extent to which Russia's expectations for increased energy cooperation with the Northeast Asian states are likely to materialize.     

The Political Economy of National Debt Burdens, 1970–2000

Why did developing country governments find themselves mired in high debt by the end of the twentieth century? This paper develops a theoretical framework to understand the relationship between political institutions, resource wealth, and debt burdens. Hypotheses generated are tested on a time-series cross-section data set of developing countries from 1970–2000. Three main findings are reported: oil wealth has a positive relationship with debt; this relationship is weakly conditional on the country's regime type; and the relationship is independent of general commodity price volatility. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of this research for our understanding of the ‘resource curse.’     

白鸡屎藤挥发油抗肠炎沙门菌内毒素作用的分析

为了探讨白鸡屎藤挥发油抗肠炎沙门菌内毒素的作用,将420只7日龄三黄鸡随机分成A、B、C、D、E、F组并对A、B、C组鸡按100μg/mL(1mL)预防用药,在12日龄时对A、B、D、E组口服肠炎沙门菌攻毒,攻毒24h后对A、D组按100μg/mL白鸡屎藤挥发油1mL进行滴鼻给药治疗,同时将不同质量浓度的白鸡屎藤挥发油与内毒素混合对另外90只雏鸡进行肌肉注射攻毒,并进行试验鸡与攻毒鸡临床死亡情况统计、病理组织学观察和肝与血液生化指标测定。结果显示,白鸡屎藤挥发油对肠炎沙门菌内毒素具有灭活作用,可缓解血清ALT和AST活性的升高或使其降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),提升肝及血清中SOD的活性(P<0.01或P<0.05),使肝中MDA含量下降和延缓其升高。结果表明,白鸡屎藤挥发油具有抗肠炎沙门菌内毒素的作用,其机理与其保肝作用和抗氧化损伤作用有关。     

水域污染损害有关监测及评估鉴定问题

针对油污对海洋环境造成的生态损害和渔业资源损失索赔的实务问题,采用法定监测机构作出专业监测评估报告,为损害索赔提供技术依据的方法,从监测报告的特性、内容及其监测的方法,分析得出专业监测报告属于民事诉讼证据中的＂鉴定结论＂,应当作为认定损害的依据,并提出渔业主管部门对渔业资源损害的调查权和代表国家行使渔业资源损失的索赔权并存时并无利害关系的观点。     

论受害人对船舶油污责任保险人的直接请求权——兼谈《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》第97条的立法完善

在船舶油污损害赔偿领域设置保险和保证赔偿制度是保护受害人充分赔偿的需要,也是特殊侵权损害赔偿制度发展的必然。船舶油污责任保险具有适用范围特定性以及保险的强制性等特点。船舶油污损害赔偿公约体系确立了受害人对油污责任保险人或保证人的直接诉讼制度,但有着特定的适用范围,并赋予了保险人较为宽泛的抗辩事由。《中华人民共和国海事诉讼特别程序法》借鉴国际公约,确立了受害人对油污责任保险人的诉讼制度,但由于缺乏配套制度,实践中该制度的适用比较混乱。建议中国建立以油污强制责任保险制度为核心的船舶油污责任制度,明定责任保险人直接被诉的情形,以及在直接被诉情形下的抗辩事由,同时明确责任保险人承担责任的形式等。     

Variation of δ2H, δ18O & δ13C in crude palm oil from different regions in Malaysia: Potential of stable isotope signatures as a key traceability parameter

A total of 33 crude palm oil samples were randomly collected from different regions in Malaysia. Stable carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C) was determined using Flash 2000 elemental analyzer while hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) were analyzed by Thermo Finnigan TC/EA, wherein both instruments were coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The bulk δ²H, δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of the samples were analyzed by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). Unsupervised HCA and PCA methods have demonstrated that crude palm oil samples were grouped into clusters according to respective state. A predictive model was constructed by supervised OPLS-DA with good predictive power of 52.60%. Robustness of the predictive model was validated with overall accuracy of 71.43%. Blind test samples were correctly assigned to their respective cluster except for samples from southern region. δ¹⁸O was proposed as the promising discriminatory marker for discerning crude palm oil samples obtained from different regions. Stable isotopes profile was proven to be useful for origin traceability of crude palm oil samples at a narrower geographical area, i.e. based on regions in Malaysia. Predictive power and accuracy of the predictive model was expected to improve with the increase in sample size. Conclusively, the results in this study has fulfilled the main objective of this work where the simple approach of combining stable isotope analysis with chemometrics can be used to discriminate crude palm oil samples obtained from different regions in Malaysia. Overall, this study shows the feasibility of this approach to be used as a traceability assessment of crude palm oils.     

白鸡屎藤挥发油对患肠炎沙门氏菌病鸡肠黏膜的影响

将7日龄三黄鸡240只分成A、B、C、D、E、F组,并对A、B、C组按1g/kg剂量用白鸡屎藤挥发油滴鼻预防,在12日龄时对A、B、D、E组口服肠炎沙门氏菌(攻毒)建模,攻毒后第24小时对A、D组按1g/kg剂量用白鸡屎藤挥发油滴鼻治疗;同时,通过病理组织学方法测试雏鸡小肠肠绒毛密度、长度和直径,小肠隐窝及小肠横断面肥大细胞数量的变化;最后,比较隐窝、小肠横断面肥大细胞数量及小肠绒毛密度、长度和直径的显著性变化,以探讨白鸡屎藤挥发油对患肠炎沙门氏菌病雏鸡的治疗作用机制。结果显示,白鸡屎藤挥发油可显著降低感染肠炎沙门氏菌雏鸡小肠隐窝的深度(P<0.01),使患鸡小肠肠绒毛长度、密度及小肠横断面肥大细胞数量恢复正常(P>0.05)。结果表明,白鸡屎藤挥发油对感染肠炎沙门氏菌的雏鸡的治疗作用机理与其对雏鸡小肠隐窝深度的降低作用和对小肠肠绒毛的恢复作用有关。     

萨哈林岛大陆架油气开发对鄂霍次克海生态系的影响

萨哈林岛大陆架石油和天然气储量丰富。开发初具规模。萨哈林岛将成为庞大的石油天然气开发中心。但大规模地开发海底大陆架石油和天然气资源给海洋生态系造成危害极大。在石油和天然气开发的每个阶段和一切活动中都存在污染问题。萨哈林岛大陆架东北部水域的碳氢化合物含量远远高于可接受的含量。因此有必要采取一些有效的监控措施。     

俄罗斯伊尔库茨克州油气资源潜力及开发战略探析

地处俄罗斯东西伯利亚的伊尔库茨克州油气资源丰富,尤其是天然气资源极为丰裕。伊尔库茨克州石油资源稳步开采,可为东西伯利亚—太平洋石油运输管道提供可靠油源保障;天然气资源合理有效开发,可以为当地经济发展提供动力、保障当地能源供应、提供清洁型能源、改善当地生态环境。同时,因地缘优势,该州天然气可沿计划中的中俄天然气管线东线输入中国,为中国天然气稳定供给民生工程的安全增加筹码。伊尔库茨克州可作为中国重要海外油气选区。     

东盟-海合会经贸合作关系：现状、基础及特点

东盟与海合会之间从早期的零散经济接触发展到深入的以＂粮食换石油＂为核心内容框架、多类商品贸易为基础的经贸合作领域;在此过程之中,东盟和海合会内部分别建立了自由贸易区和共同市场,并且建立东盟-海合会自由贸易区开始成为双方的共识,新加坡-海合会自由贸易区的建立以及随之而来马来西亚的诉求可以视作渐进式推进东盟与海合会关系发展的具体步骤。不仅如此,东盟与海合会之间的制度建设也取得重大进展,双方部长级会议已经成型,互派大使也将实现。所有这些对于进一步保障东盟和海合会的安全利益有着切实的积极意义。东盟-海合会自由贸易区未来的建立将会成为全球诸多自由贸易区之间相互连接的重要一环。