Revisiting country of origin principle: Challenges related to regulating e-commerce in the European Union

The article analyses the country of origin principle of information society services in the light of harmonisation and unification efforts undertaken by the European lawgiver. Although the country of origin principle remains the key element of the construction of freedom to provide information society services, the principle itself suffers a number of both explicit and implicit restrictions which render its practical application a serious challenge. The difficulty is posed by the fact that the Electronic Commerce Directive fails to expressly specify both the scope of harmonisation as regards the principle, and the level of harmonisation of the directive itself. Furthermore, it is understood differently by private international lawyers. In the eDate Advertising case the ECJ ruled that the principle is not a conflict-of-laws rule, neither does it require implementation to the national legal systems in this shape. This is not to mean, however, that the debate over the function of the country of origin principle in private international law is over. Last but not least, there are many different types of country of origin principles applicable to various types of services provided via the Internet. This multitude of country of origin principles is perhaps the greatest weakness the regulatory approach adopted by the European lawmaker.     

Online collaboration as a pedagogical approach to learning and teaching undergraduate legal education

Legal education is in a period of rapid development driven by changing industry demands and developing technologies. This paper will describe an innovative pilot study which utilises new technologies to provide an alternative mode of teaching and learning to meet growing industry demands for graduates who are technologically savvy and have strong communication and collaboration skills. The pilot study redesigns a law unit combining a more traditional approach with an approach in which online collaboration is critical to student learning as a teaching and assessment tool. After completing an online collaborative activity as part of their assessment for the unit, students completed an online survey to identify their perspectives of the online collaborative experience. The online survey data was analysed to identify common themes and the experiences of students are shared in this paper. The paper provides an example of how instructors might take advantage of a learning design process, online tools and infrastructure to develop educational experiences which promote communication and collaboration within the law discipline. It will also include five recommendations to consider when including online collaboration in unit design for law students.     

Rethinking the notion of hosting in the aftermath of Delfi: Shifting from liability to responsibility?

Liability of Internet intermediaries for a third-party content is a complex topic, especially with regards to the storage of illegal or harmful postings offered by portals. The E-Commerce Directive offered a liberal framework for handling such cases, provided that a hosting service provider has not played an active role in content management. Being passive turned out to be the key precondition for immunity under safe harbour provisions. Yet, after the Delfi ruling the legal landscape has changed radically. Although the judgment of the Strasbourg tribunal has been dismissed in some jurisdictions as an error or one-off case, the truth is that it took into account acquis communautaire and imposed liability on the news portal, which followed the guidelines of Google France and eBay rulings. Given the lack of predictability of the current legal framework, the aim of this contribution is to offer a deep-dive into the notion of hosting from a technical perspective in order to better understand why Articles 14–15 of the E-Commerce Directive may require a re-examination. It is also submitted that portals and other online service providers relying on a broad construction of safe harbours should be entitled to Good Samaritan protection akin to section 230 of the American Communications Decency Act in order not to hold them liable for being active in fighting hate speech and other forms of illegal and harmful conduct.     

论公安情报工作的性质、内容与作用

公安情报工作的性质体现为客观性、政治性、科学性。公安情报工作的内容由公安情报业务和公安情报管理两部分构成。公安情报工作的作用表现为:服务实战,治安环境监视、预警,决策支持,参与管理和一定的社会服务功能。     

直译与意译刍议

由于原语形态的无意识影响,译语的语气、色彩、重点、风格对原语意义的忠实以及隐藏在这些原因后面的文化含 义,直译在翻译中占有较大的比重,但意译之功也不可低估,重要的是译者要灵活处理,准确把握。     

高职院校应用文写作课职业化教学探讨

应用文写作能力是职业工作能力的重要组成部分。高职院校开设应用文写作课,是为培养学生形成职业工作能力服务的。为了避免因教学内容的泛化而导致的职业特征淡化,有必要对现行的教学内容和教学方法进行改革。改革的思路是:(1)从"专用"与"通用"的角度划定教学内容;(2)以"实用"与"够用"为出发点制定教学原则;(3)以"写作技术"作为新的教学平台;(4)教学方法上提倡"问题式教学",注重思维与操作的衔接;(5)教学效果的评定应以职业工作中必需的写作能力为主要标准。     

学习贯彻“三个代表”重要思想是高校思想教育的重要课题

在高校加强"三个代表"重要思想教育,其根本目的是强化"三个代表"重要思想是我们事业发展的"共同思想基础"的教育,其基本任务是引导大学生运用"三个代表"重要思想分析研究当前社会发展及其新成果的学习;其基本要求是加强"三个代表"重要思想精神实质和理论体系的教育教学.     

教育机会均等概念的跨文化分析

"教育机会均等"是学校教育制度正式形成之后出现的一个重要概念,各国教育学者对其概念内涵的分析均受到其所在国家社会文化背景的影响.英国学者强调无论是贵族子弟还是平民子弟,都应该享受同样优质的教育,而且政府还应该对平民子弟给予补偿教育,以达到教育结果的机会均等.美国学者强调无论儿童出身于何种民族及背景,都应该接受同样质量的教育,尽可能地减少教育机会的不均等.中国学者认为以中国现有的经济社会文化发展水平,应尽量减少儿童在入学机会方面的地区差异和阶层差异.     

Literature, Social Poetics, and Identity Construction in Montenegro

This article outlines the contested nature of identity in Montenegro and elaborates on its phases of development. It also problematizes the nature of the efforts to create mechanisms of civil society in contemporary Montenegro.     

体内乙醇含量测定结果的法医学评价

近年来涉及酒后行为的案件增多,但对体内乙醇含量及有关问题的系统性描述较少。本文从体内乙醇的分布代谢规律、毒性作用机理及体内生成机制等方面,根据乙醇含量的测定结果从酒后时间、摄入乙醇总量、精神状态与行为能力控制、死亡原因及方式等几方面系统地进行分析,找出其中蕴含的法医学信息,以供同行参考。