文化视野下的中国犯罪论体系争鸣

近年来中国刑法理论界围绕传统四要件理论和德日三阶层体系孰优孰劣的争论,其实质是不同法文化的冲突,是文化冲突在刑法学领域的具体体现。这种文化冲突,既是我国刑法学理论自我反思的结果,也是自清末以来不同理论之间进行选择和论争过程的延续。围绕中国犯罪论体系的理论争鸣具有重要的文化现实意义,它有助于促进刑法学理论知识的发展,促成刑法学派在中国的早日形成,同时也有利于营造良好的学术生态环境。     

民法典编纂对财产犯罪法益保护的影响

在民法之外,重新构建一个仅适用于刑法中财产犯罪法益保护的判断标准,既无必要也不现实。财产犯罪法益保护扩张的主要目的是为了入罪,不论是“利益的法益化”还是“管理的占有化”,都是以保护法益之名行扩张犯罪圈之实。犯罪圈的不当扩张,不仅会有损整体法秩序,还会弱化乃至消解法益甄别法与不法的机能。部门法之间的紧张关系在任何法律体系下都是无可避免的,民法典编纂为解决“刑民倒挂”问题以及增加法秩序统一性原理在刑民之间的衔接度提供了重要契机。为此,应重新梳理刑民之间围绕财产、占有、管理等方面的争议问题,将民法所确定的财产法益内容作为财产犯罪法益保护的基本依据,并允许刑法根据财产犯罪的特点对法益保护范围作出适当调整。这样做的目的不是通过民法给刑法套上枷锁,而是在遵循法秩序统一性原理的基础上达成应有的刑民共识。     

从“分体”到“分层”：中国特色贿赂犯罪罪名体系的历史嬗变与时代跨越

贿赂犯罪罪名体系与治理结构的构建,是“中国式”腐败治理理念、智慧、资源与立法技术的结晶。中国特色罪名体系的发展,始终围绕扩张犯罪主体类型而展开,形成了“分体式”发展模式,却忽视了对行为类型的重新识别、拓展以及规制对象的有效性等问题。在“分体式”罪名体系中,贿赂犯罪的治理结构以对价关系为基础设定罪名结构;以结果本位为基础设定评价基准;以差异化治理策略为基础设定配刑原则。国家治理现代化的全面推进,对罪名体系建设原理的代际更新提出了全新要求：在体系建构基础上,应当实现由单一“分体式”立法向“分体+分层”立法的转型,引入行为类型的立法导向;在要件设定基础上,实现从以对价关系为中心向以公权伦理为基础转向的完善;在犯罪治理结构上,实现从“差异式”治理走向“全链条式”“同一性”治理的更新。     

消极身份犯概念之考量

身份犯是刑法中一类较为特殊的犯罪,之所以“特殊”,是因为这类犯罪的构成要件中对犯罪主体往往有一定的限制。对身份犯的研讨不仅关乎身份犯自身体系的建构,而且与共犯与身份问题的解决也密切相连。但是,我国学者在身份犯概念这一基本问题上的研究则显得多少有点混乱。因此,对我国传统刑法理论中的身份犯概念进行反思,重构身份犯之应然概念,实属当务之急。     

环境犯罪立法完善研究——以截短的犯罪构成为视角

为了应对环境犯罪的新挑战,充分发挥刑法防范风险的机能,刑法的介入时间必须提前,介入范围必须扩大。以截短的犯罪构成理论为视角,分析我国环境犯罪的立法现状,提出了转变立法理念、改进罪刑体系与犯罪构成要件,以及完善污染环境罪、破坏植物资源犯罪、与环境相关联的走私犯罪、渎职犯罪等个罪的建议。     

生态哲学视阈下治安价值的冲突与整合

要想从根本上改善社会治安环境,提高治安效益,就必须从二元哲学向生态哲学的思维转变。即用生态哲学的思维方式解决治安价值的冲突与整合问题,从而构建以生态犯罪观、生态效益观、生态秩序观为核心的治安生态价值观。     

公安机关现场勘验信息系统存在的问题及对策

全国公安机关现场勘验信息系统是公安机关三基工程的重点建设项目之一,对增强勘查能力、优化侦查模式、提升破案效益、提高科学打击犯罪水平等具有重要作用。但是,在日常使用过程中,系统的功能未得到充分发挥。     

Crime: The amount and disparity of sentencing – A comparison of corporate and occupational white collar criminals

Research carried out previously, aimed at examining differences in the length of the sentencing and type of offence, have typically compared white collar and street criminality. The main aim of the current study is to examine the differences in sentence length for white collar occupational and corporate offenders from street crime offenses and to identify which factors eventually could explain such differences. The crime amount was smaller in occupational convictions despite the fact that the average crime amount was significantly less in this group compared to the crime amount among corporate criminals. Socioeconomic status and company size were not found to be associated with the length of the sentence. We discuss whether the difference in length of the sentence could be explained by the fact that occupational crime is committed for the criminals' own purposes or enrichment, while this is often not the case among corporate criminals.     

A Comparison of Four Presumptive Tests for the Detection of Blood on Dark Materials

Detection of blood on dark materials is difficult for crime scene examiners so presumptive tests are used to assist. This study compared the ability of luminol, leuko crystal violet, tetramethylbenzidine, and Combur Test®E to detect whole, diluted blood (1:100) and a key‐shaped blood transfer stain (1:10), on dark cotton sheeting, tea towel, socks, synthetic carpet, and car mats. Powdered bleach was used to evaluate specificity of the blood detection tests. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall misclassification rate (OMR) assessed the quality of the blood tests. Luminol was the preferred test for diluted blood having the highest sensitivity (79%–96%), NPV (66%–93%), and the lowest OMR (3%–15%). Luminol was also found to be most efficient with a testing time on 25 items of 2 h 50 min compared with up to 8 h. Overall, luminol was the most effective method, also providing information on bloodstain patterns.     

Perceived threat of crime,authoritarianism, and the rise of a populist president in the Philippines

President Duterte of the Philippines implemented an open “war” on drugs based upon claims of an over-proliferation of illegal drugs in the country. Despite summary killings of suspected users and dealers, Duterte enjoys popular support among Filipinos. This paper assesses reasons behind the support using citizens’ perceptions of the severity of the drugs/crime problem, their punitiveness, and authoritarian attitudes as explanations. A sample of 114 Filipinos across Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao responded to an electronic survey about socio-legal issues. Results show that drugs/crime are perceived as serious problems nationally yet only minor problems locally. This perceived national seriousness is significantly related to support for Duterte. Trust in the law and enforcement agents, an authoritarian attitude, and region are also strongly related to support for Duterte. This paper concludes with reflections on information manipulation as means to advance political ends and the importance of context in furthering theories of authoritarian submission.