酸枣仁皂苷A对脂多糖诱导星形胶质细胞C6氧化损伤的保护作用

目的 采用脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导星形胶质细胞C6的氧化应激模型,以研究酸枣仁皂苷A（Jujuboside A,JuA）的抗氧化活性。方法 体外培养大鼠星形胶质细胞C6。采用MTT法检测各组细胞的存活率,采用Western blot法检测星形胶质细胞标记蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP）的活化情况,采用Griess还原法测定细胞上清液中一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）水平,采用流式细胞术检测各组细胞中活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平,采用ELISA测定各组细胞内丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）和谷胱甘肽（L-glutathione,GSH）水平以及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性。结果 0.125～50 μmol/L JuA对C6细胞存活率无明显影响（P＞0.05）;1 μg/mL LPS可以明显升高C6细胞GFAP蛋白表达水平,显著升高细胞上清液中NO和细胞内ROS、MDA水平,降低细胞内GSH水平和SOD活性,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与LPS组比较,12.5、25、50 μmol/L JuA可以明显抑制LPS诱导的GFAP表达,降低细胞上清液中NO水平,降低细胞内ROS、MDA水平,升高细胞内GSH水平和SOD活性,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 JuA对LPS诱导的星形胶质细胞氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

黄秋葵总黄酮对氧化应激损伤人脐静脉内皮细胞的保护作用及其机制研究

目的 观察黄秋葵总黄酮对过氧化氢诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞（human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs）氧化应激损伤的影响。方法 采用MTT法检测黄秋葵总黄酮对HUVECs的保护作用,采用分光光度法测定细胞培养上清液中细胞内超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）及一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）含量,酶联免疫吸附试验检测细胞上清液中内皮素-1（endothelin-1,ET-1）含量,采用二氯荧光乙酰乙酸盐法检测活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）水平;Western blot方法检测内皮型一氧化氮合酶（endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS）的表达水平。结果 黄秋葵总黄酮可以提高氧化应激损伤的HUVECs存活率,增加SOD活性,升高NO水平,降低MDA、ET-1水平,降低细胞ROS水平,升高eNOS的表达水平。结论 黄秋葵总黄酮对过氧化氢诱导的HUVECs氧化应激损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能与调节SOD、MDA、ET-1、NO氧化应激相关因子,调控内皮细胞功能相关蛋白eNOS的表达有关。     

电针对慢性不可预见性温和应激致抑郁小鼠海马氧化应激-calpain-炎症信号轴的影响

目的 基于海马氧化应激-calpain-炎症信号轴探讨电针对小鼠抑郁样行为的干预作用及机制。方法 采用慢性不可预见性温和应激方法复制小鼠抑郁模型,将24只小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、电针组和维生素C（vitamin C,VC）组,每组6只;正常组、模型组、电针组小鼠给予0.5 mL生理盐水灌胃3周,VC组小鼠给予10 mg/kg VC注射液灌胃3周,电针组小鼠电针“百会-神门-三阴交”组穴,每日1次,每次20 min,连续干预3周,正常组、模型组和VC组小鼠不予电针干预。另有24只小鼠给予腹腔注射脂多糖复制急性抑郁模型,将24只小鼠分为正常组、模型组、钙蛋白酶抑制剂（calpeptin inhibitor,CI）组和N-乙酰半胱氨酸（N-acetylcysteine,NAC）组,每组6只;NAC组小鼠经脑定位注射3 μL NAC到侧脑室,CI组小鼠按2 mg/kg经腹腔注射CI。观察并记录小鼠体质量变化;采用蔗糖水偏好实验、旷场实验、强迫游泳实验、悬尾实验评价电针对小鼠抑郁样行为的干预效果;ELISA法检测小鼠海马组织超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性,丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）、白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-1β、5-羟色胺（5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT）水平及血清皮质酮（corticosterone,CORT）水平;Western blot法检测小鼠海马组织calpain-1、超视交叉核生物钟振荡蛋白（suprachiamatic nucleus circadian oscillatory protein,SCOP）和IL-1β表达水平。结果 模型组小鼠表现出典型的抑郁样行为,小鼠体质量、糖水偏好指数显著下降（P＜0.05）,强迫游泳实验和悬尾实验中小鼠静止不动时间显著增加（P＜0.05）,海马组织5-HT水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,血清CORT水平显著升高（P＜0.05）;模型组小鼠海马组织SOD活性显著下降（P＜0.05）,MDA水平显著上升（P＜0.05）,calpain-1、TNF-α、IL-1β水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,SCOP水平显著下降（P＜0.05）。而经电针干预后,小鼠抑郁样行为得到显著改善（P＜0.05）;且电针干预能显著改善慢性不可预见性温和刺激诱导的小鼠海马组织的氧化损伤,下调calpain-1及炎症因子的水平（P＜0.05）,并能抑制慢性不可预见性温和刺激诱导的小鼠海马组织SCOP表达水平的降低（P＜0.05）。结论 电针“百会-神门-三阴交”组穴能改善慢性不可预见性温和应激诱导的小鼠抑郁样行为,其作用机制可能与调控小鼠海马氧化应激-calpain-炎症信号轴有关。     

基于Nrf2通路研究通腑养髓方调控Wilson病模型TX小鼠神经细胞铁死亡的机制

目的 基于核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor,Nrf2)信号通路观察通腑养髓方对Wilson病(Wilsons disease, WD)模型TX小鼠神经细胞铁死亡的干预效应,并探讨通腑养髓方对WD神经细胞损伤的保护机制。方法 以DL小鼠为正常对照,将TX小鼠随机分为模型组和通腑养髓方组,通腑养髓方组以通腑养髓方中药灌胃治疗30 d,模型组和对照组小鼠以生理盐水灌胃,末次灌胃后取各组小鼠脑组织。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测小鼠脑组织铜、铁微量元素含量,免疫荧光染色技术检测小鼠脑组织转铁蛋白受体（transferrin receptor, TfR）表达水平,比色法检测小鼠脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）活性和丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）含量,透射电子显微镜观察小鼠脑组织细胞线粒体形态变化,Fluoro-Jade B（FJB）染色观察小鼠神经细胞损伤程度,Western blot法检测小鼠脑组织铁死亡及Nrf2信号通路相关蛋白［Nrf2,铁蛋白重链（ferritin heavy chain,FTH1）、血红素加氧酶1（heme oxygenase 1,HO1）、醌氧化还原酶1（NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1,NQO1）］表达水平。结果 与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠脑内铜、铁含量,TfR表达水平,MDA含量显著升高（P<0.05）,SOD活性显著下降（P＜0.05）;与模型组比较,通腑养髓方组小鼠脑内铁含量,TfR表达水平,MDA含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,SOD活性显著升高（P＜0.05）。模型组小鼠脑组织线粒体膜皱缩,嵴数量减少或消失,空泡产生;通腑养髓方组小鼠脑组织线粒体结构损伤程度明显减轻。与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠神经细胞损伤程度显著增加（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,通腑养髓方组神经细胞损伤程度显著减少（P<0.05）。模型组小鼠脑内谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4（glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4）表达水平较正常对照组显著降低（P< 0.05）,通腑养髓方组脑内GPX4表达水平较模型组显著升高（P<0.05）。模型组小鼠脑内Nrf2、FTH1、HO1、NQO1表达水平较正常对照组显著降低（P<0.05）,通腑养髓方组脑内Nrf2、FTH1、HO1、NQO1表达水平较模型组显著增加（P<0.05）。结论 通腑养髓方通过上调TX小鼠神经细胞GPX4等铁死亡相关蛋白及Nrf2、FTH1、HO1、NQO1等Nrf2通路相关蛋白的表达水平,减轻铜蓄积所致的氧化应激,抑制神经细胞铁死亡,从而起到保护神经细胞的作用。     

养血益睛汤治疗早期干性年龄相关性黄斑变性疗效观察

目的 探讨养血益睛汤治疗早期干性年龄相关性黄斑变性的疗效.方法 将50例患者按照随机数字表法随机分为观察组与对照组,每组25例,观察组予以口服养血益睛汤治疗,对照组予口服维生素E软胶囊及维生素C片治疗,两组均治疗4周.观察两组患者治疗前后最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)、糖尿病视网膜病变早期治疗研究(early treatment diabetic retinopathy study,ETDRS)字母数及治疗后眼部症状改善评分.结果 观察组的临床疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.05).与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后BCVA、ETDRS字母数均显著升高(P<0.05);观察组患者眼部症状改善评分及BCVA、ETDRS字母数升高程度显著大于对照组(P<0.05).结论 养血益睛汤对早期干性年龄相关性黄斑变性有较好疗效,可减轻黄斑区病变程度,提升患者视力,改善患者视觉质量.     

Behind the ‘Miracle’: Non‐Traditional Agro‐Exports and Water Stress in Marginalised Areas of Ica,Peru

Expansion in the non‐traditional agricultural export sector following neoliberal reform has precipitated an economic transformation in Peru. Non‐traditional agricultural export growth has brought environmental, social and distributive costs. This article critically examines the Peruvian asparagus boom and the impact of this on water availability among marginal groups. Based on primary case study fieldwork, the paper asserts that the agro‐export model is causing the over‐exploitation of important groundwater supplies in the Ica Valley where almost all of Peru's fresh asparagus is produced. This reveals wider issues concerning neoliberal development and the political economy of natural resource allocation in Latin America.     

Role Stress: A Career Stage Comparison

Based on the premise that the individual's perception of the work roles differs across career stages, several studies have shown that role stress also differs. The main purpose of this study is to investigate if moderating variables like motivation, locus of control, and self-efficacy would also impact stress-outcome relationships differently across career stages. Multiple moderator regression analysis was used to analyze the data collected from respondents belonging to the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Tamil Nadu Cadre. The findings of the study indicated a significant difference in the moderating role of the personality variables across career stages. The main implication is that organizations may have to design specific stress intervention programs based on the nature of role stressors experienced in each of the career stages. An effort to strengthen personality variables that act as positive moderators must also be made an integral part of the stress intervention programs.     

A Contemporary Snapshot of Policewomen Attitudes

Historically, women have been unwelcome in male-dominated police cultures; despite the gains acquired over many tumultuous years, policewomen continue to face significant obstacles. Men officers often promote the subordination of policewomen, and, because of this, some degree of emotional deterioration among women officers would be understandable. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of such a hypothesis. Questionnaires were mailed to all municipal police departments in one southern state with 50 or more sworn personnel (n = 21) and produced 1,114 responses from 16 departments. Analysis revealed that women officers' (n = 89) professionalism, job satisfaction, stress, and confidence levels demonstrate a condition of psychological health and do not differ significantly from those of men officers. Essentially, the findings suggest that policewomen are mentally tough and resilient, and hence quite capable of modulating the demands of police careers.     

有限元法在分析制动盘损坏原因中的应用

目的介绍有限元法在一起制动盘损坏原因鉴定中的实际应用,为同类型鉴定提供一种方法。方法在有限元软件中,对事故车辆损坏的制动盘进行建模。并依照实际情况设定两种边界条件,分别仿真计算出应力分布图。将应力分布图与制动盘的破损部位进行对比分析,以便确定制动盘的损坏原因。结果仿真计算得到两种不同的应力分布情况,其中一种与制动盘在事故中损坏的状况基本一致。由此确定,制动盘是在车体侧向碰撞固定物时损坏的。结论有限元法对交通事故鉴定是一种行之有效的方法,并且具有良好的应用前景。     

Necropsy Findings in Dogs that Died During Grooming or other Pet Service Procedures

Procedures involved in grooming, bathing, and other pet services can often lead animals to death. Of the necropsies of 1391 animals carried out at a private diagnostic laboratory in Sao Paulo, Brazil from 2004 to 2009, 94 were dogs that died during the above‐mentioned procedures. Young male dogs and small breeds like Poodle Miniature, Yorkshire Terrier, and Lhasa Apso were most frequently observed. Blunt‐force trauma was responsible for the deaths of 31% of the animals, with a higher incidence of trauma to the head, characterized chiefly by fractures and nervous tissue lesions. In the other 69% of cases, the animals showed signs of stress, and died due to pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. As we cannot rule out the intentional character in some situations, this article provides veterinary forensic support for veterinarians and pet owners, especially in lawsuits, helping in finding the cause of animal's death in such pet services.