Hostility and stress as mediators of aggression in violent men

This research investigated hypothesized differences on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory between five groups of men who varied in terms of being violent toward female cohabitants, nonfamily members, or no one, and in terms of marital satisfaction. Other measures, such as stress and childhood abuse data, were employed to interpret the findings. A two-way MANCOVA (group by race) with six sociodemographic covariates revealed significant differences on three Hostility Inventory subscales. The maritally violent men had significantly higher total Hostility than any of the other groups and were significantly discriminable from the other groups. Nonetheless, the beliefs and behaviors of violence-prone individuals overlap to some degree. A cognitive-behavioral model with stimulus variables of life Stressors, intervening variables of hostility and negative stress reactions, and response variables of different forms of aggression served as a framework for interpreting the results.     

Adjustment of Homeless Adolescents to a Crisis Shelter: Application of a Stress and Coping Model

The present study examined the utility of a stress and coping model of adaptation to a homeless shelter among homeless adolescents. Seventy-eight homeless adolescents were interviewed and completed self-administered scales at Time 1 (day of shelter entry) and Time 2 (day of discharge). The mean duration of stay at the shelter was 7.23 days (SD = 7.01). Predictors included appraisal (threat and self-efficacy), coping resources, and coping strategies (productive, nonproductive, and reference to others coping). Adjustment outcomes were Time 1 measures of global distress, physical health, clinician- and youthworker-rated social adjustment, and externalizing behavior and Time 2 youthworker-rated social adjustment and goal achievement. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that after controlling for the effects of relevant background variables (number of other shelters visited, sexual, emotional, and physical abuse), measures of coping resources, appraisal, and coping strategies evidenced distinct relations with measures of adjustment in ways consistent with the model's predictions with few exceptions. In cross-sectional analyses better Time 1 adjustment was related to reports of higher levels of coping resources, self-efficacy beliefs, and productive coping strategies, and reports of lower levels of threat appraisal and nonproductive coping strategies. Prospective analyses showed a link between reports of higher levels of reference to others coping strategies and greater goal achievement and, unexpectedly, an association between lower self-efficacy beliefs and better Time 2 youthworker-rated social adjustment. Hence, whereas prospective analyses provide only limited support for the use of a stress and coping model in explaining the adjustment of homeless adolescents to a crisis shelter, cross-sectional findings provide stronger support.     

Critical incidents,alcohol and trauma problems,and service utilization among police officers from five countries

This study examines the relationship between critical incidents, alcohol problems, trauma symptoms, and service utilization across five countries. A sample of 1286 police officers (79% male; 21% female) from five countries (US = 838, Canada = 231, UK = 102, Australia = 58, and New Zealand = 57) completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the PTSD Checklist – Civilian PCL-C, as well as questions regarding service availability and utilization in an on-line survey. ANOVA and chi-square tests indicate significant country differences on all variables except social stressors. Multivariate analysis of critical incidents, AUDIT, PTSD, and service utilization found negative coping and country of origin mattered. The reasons officers provided for why they felt they could not use available services (i.e., confidentiality, stigma, distrust of department, and ineffective/inadequate) also varied by country, which has important policy implications.     

硫化氢对创伤应激引起大鼠急性肝损伤的作用

目的探讨硫化氢(H_2S)在挤压大鼠后肢致急性肝损伤过程中的作用。方法将大鼠随机分为对照组、挤压组、H_2S供体硫氢化钠(Na HS)+挤压组、H_2S生成抑制剂炔丙基甘氨酸(propargylglycine,PAG)+挤压组。用标准重物挤压大鼠后肢建立急性肝损伤模型,分别于挤压结束后30、120 min处死大鼠。比色法检测血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性,化学法检测大鼠血浆H_2S、肝组织丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、蛋白质羰基、谷胱甘肽(glutathion,GSH)含量和H_2S生成酶胱硫醚γ-裂解酶(cystathionineγ-lyase,CSE)活性,RT-PCR半定量检测肝组织CSE m RNA的表达。结果挤压大鼠后肢可引起血清AST、ALT活性增高,肝组织MDA、蛋白质羰基含量增加及GSH含量降低,血浆H_2S含量减少,肝组织CSE活性降低、CSE m RNA表达下降。预先给予Na HS可显著减轻、而PAG明显加剧挤压后肢所致上述肝损伤改变。结论 H_2S生成减少参与介导创伤应激引起的大鼠急性肝损伤。     

Correlates of hopelessness in the high suicide risk police occupation

Police officers are chronically exposed to work stress. We examined specific stressors that may be associated with hopelessness, a possible risk factor for suicide in this high suicide risk population. The study included 378 officers (276 men and 102 women) with complete data. Analysis of variance was used to estimate mean levels of hopelessness scores as associated with stress, adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Posttraumatic symptoms were tested as a modifier of the association between stress and hopelessness. Increasing stress of administrative practices and lack of support were significantly associated with increasing hopelessness among officers (p < .006 – hopelessness range: 1.64–2.65; and p < .001 – hopelessness range 1.60–2.80, respectively). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms significantly modified the association between lack of organizational support and hopelessness (p < .010) with significant association only among individuals with higher PTSD symptoms (p < .001). Results suggest that hopelessness is associated with specific stressors in police work, and this is modified by posttraumatic symptomatology.     

Intimate Partner Violence as a Risk Factor for Mental Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

This article reviews literature on the prevalence of mental health problems among women with a history of intimate partner violence. The weighted mean prevalence of mental health problems among battered women was 47.6% in 18 studies of depression, 17.9% in 13 studies of suicidality, 63.8% in 11 studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 18.5% in 10 studies of alcohol abuse, and 8.9% in four studies of drug abuse. These were typically inconsistent across studies. Weighted mean odds ratios representing associations of these problems with violence ranged from 3.55 to 5.62, and were typically consistent across studies. Variability was accounted for by differences in sampling frames. Dose-response relationships of violence to depression and PTSD were observed. Although research has not addressed many criteria for causal inferences, the existing research is consistent with the hypothesis that intimate partner violence increases risk for mental health problems. The appropriate way to conceptualize these problems deserves careful attention.     

目前高校思想政治教育系统建构的重点

我国高校正面临着改革深化的现实 ,高校思想政治教育在改革深化的今天同样面临着种种的机遇、挑战与选择 ,透视高校思想政治教育的现状 ,打破已经不适应高校现状的旧的思想政治教育的范式 ,建立符合现实要求的思想政治教育系统 ,是保证思想政治教育生命线作用的唯一选择。     

监狱劳教人民警察职业枯竭问题研究

监狱劳教人民警察工作任务重、岗位责任大、危险程度高的职业特征,决定了他们是职业枯竭的高发人群。长期持续的职业压力是引发警察职业枯竭产生的最主要的原因。除此之外,社会环境、组织内部因素等也会导致职业枯竭的产生。监狱劳教人民警察的职业枯竭问题不容忽视,它不仅影响着警察的身体健康,而且严重影响着警察的心理健康．导致警察队伍不稳定、战斗力下降等问题的产生。因此,应当创建针对监狱劳教警察职业压力的疏导调适机制．建立为监狱劳教人民警察提供服务的帮助系统,以帮助干警解决心理问题．预防和降低职业枯竭。     

建设资源节约型环境友好型社会

建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,是党中央、国务院提出的重大战略任务。资源节约型、环境友好型社会有它内在的规定性和特征。我国建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会面临资源形势严峻、环境污染严重等方面的问题,因此需要加强法制建设,转变发展方式,实行清洁生产,发展循环经济,开发生物质能,加强科学研究,制定相应政策。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌yibT基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性分析

为了探讨yibT基因对鼠伤寒沙门菌生物学特性的影响,采用λ-red同源重组技术构建鼠伤寒沙门菌CVCC541的yibT基因缺失株CVCC541ΔyibT,同时利用表达质粒pET28a构建yibT缺失株的基因回补株CVCC541ΔyibT/pyibT,研究野生株、缺失株、回补株之间的生长特性、生化特性、遗传稳定性、生物膜形成和应激环境抵抗力等生物学特性。结果表明,本研究成功构建了yibT基因缺失株CVCC541ΔyibT及其回补株CVCC541ΔyibT/pyibT,yibT基因的缺失不影响细菌的生化特性,该缺失株具有良好的遗传稳定性,但其生长特性较野生株及其回补株显著减缓,生物膜形成能力相较于野生株及其回补株有所减弱,缺失株在热应激环境以及正丁醇压力下表现出更强的耐受力。综上所述,yibT基因的缺失会影响鼠伤寒沙门菌的生长特性、生物膜形成、应激环境抵抗力和细菌形态等生物学特性,并且yibT基因可能影响鼠伤寒沙门菌菌膜的流动性。