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251.
Borraccia V Sblano S Carabellese F De Sario R Zefferino R Vinci F 《Journal of forensic sciences》2012,57(4):946-951
The body-alarm reaction results from the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which can lead to physio-psychological phenomena such as an exclusion/occlusion of the sense of hearing. One hypothesis to explain this alteration consists in a hydromechanical dysfunction of the internal ear attributable to antidiuretic hormone. In this study, we evaluated the perception of acoustic stimuli administered in stressful conditions in 14 phobic patients and in 20 healthy subjects, in order to assess the influence of stress on perceiving capabilities. We also measured the concentration of salivary cortisol and IL-1β and neurovegetative parameters to objectivise and quantify the physiological reactions. Our results show a worse perception of the frequencies of the human voice under stress; these findings could have a dual value: in the legal field, concerning criminal liability, and on the operative context, regarding the efficiency of verbal communication among law enforcement officers in situations inducing intense emotional stress. 相似文献
252.
Jennifer D. Foster Gabriel P. Kuperminc Ann W. Price 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2004,33(1):59-69
This study examined gender differences in levels of violence exposure, and in levels of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and related symptomatology in a sample of inner-city predominantly African American youth. Because such youth are at risk for exposure to chronic community violence, they are likely to experience considerable distress and clinical or subclinical levels of posttraumatic stress and related symptoms. Previous research has found that although boys are exposed to violence more frequently than are girls, girls are more likely to express posttraumatic stress and related symptoms as a result of violence exposure. Thus, we examined gender as a moderator of the relation between violence exposure and symptoms. A stronger positive association of anxiety and depression symptoms with extent of community violence exposure for girls than boys was found. It was also found that while girls do not appear to differ in their responses to witnessing violence versus being a victim of violence, boys appear to be more distressed by being a victim of violence than by witnessing violence. 相似文献
253.
While researchers have provided evidence that recent stressors in adulthood and single traumatic events in childhood predict psychological disorder, few have examined the cumulative impact of childhood adversity on later well-being. Using a sample of 649 college students from New England, this research examines whether cumulative trauma in childhood and adolescence is related to depressive symptoms in young adults, and explores the mediating factors that operate in this association. Results indicate clear differences in cumulative trauma by sociodemographic characteristics, with males, nonwhites, and those with less than college-educated parents, reporting significantly greater levels of adversity. We also find that higher trauma is associated with both early onset of depressive disorder and later depressive symptoms. Path analyses reveal that, while some of the association between childhood adversity and depression in young adults is direct, most is explained by the mediating effects of later stress, low self-esteem, and early onset of disorder. 相似文献
254.
杨宇辰 《河南司法警官职业学院学报》2012,10(4):114-118
作为“传统的现代女人”,高校高学历女教师有着强烈的自我发展需求、主体意识和成就动机,但在沉重的学术压力面前她们更容易出现职业倦怠;作为“现代的传统女人”,未婚的高学历女教师往往面临“结构性剩余”问题,已婚的高学历女教师则在事业与家庭之间作着“鱼与熊掌”的艰难选择.多种角色压力归根到底是由于传统社会期待与现代价值追求的冲突,疏解这些压力要全社会共同努力,推进社会性别文化的良性发展,高学历女教师自身也要对自我作理性认知,提高对不同角色的适应能力. 相似文献
255.
256.
Patterns of rib fractures are of significant clinical and forensic interest. Linking patterns of rib fracture with specific physical events provides a foundation for understanding the nature of traumatic events that are associated with rib fracture in forensic contexts. In this study, isolated human ribs (n = 8) were end-loaded to failure to investigate: (i) local deformations (bone strain) prior to and during structural failure, (ii) location of ultimate failure, and (iii) fracture mode. Structural properties of ribs were used to calculate theoretical stresses to determine whether such calculations could be used to predict site of fracture. Ribs fractured on the sternal side of midshaft in all experiments, but mode of failure varied with transverse, buckle, spiral, and "butterfly" fractures observed. Comparison of calculated stress with observed strain values suggest that experimental, rather than theoretical, approaches will be most productive in furthering understanding rib fracture in forensic contexts. 相似文献
257.
Research Summary In 1989, the U.S. Supreme Court held that determinations about the constitutional appropriateness of police force usage—deadly or not—must be “judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Although the Court's ruling established a clear standard for judging officers' actions (i.e., the perspective of a reasonable police officer on the scene), we know little about the sorts of factors that might frame the perspective of reasonable police officers during situations in which they apply force. This article presents the results of a study that examined 80 police officers' detailed accounts of how they perceived what transpired during 113 incidents in which they shot citizens. Respondents reported experiencing a wide range of sensory distortions, with the vast majority of officers reporting two or more distinct sorts. This study takes these findings as a point of departure to expand our understanding of what constitutes a reasonable officer's perspective during the tense, uncertain moments during which he or she makes the decision to employ deadly force. Policy Implications Given that officers are likely to experience multiple distortions during shootings, the findings have implications for civilian and police oversight policies. In particular, those responsible for reviewing police shooting incidents should take into consideration that officers' behavior will not always be based on the objective reality of what is occurring at the time they decide to pull the trigger, but rather an altered conception of it. Such an understanding is crucial to improving the image of police in certain communities and positively impacting citizen trust of, and satisfaction with, the police. 相似文献
258.
Meredith Krause 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2009,24(1):22-29
In the last decade, law enforcement personnel have increasingly been tasked to police the internet in an effort to staunch
the production and distribution of child pornography and to investigate computer-facilitated child exploitation. These investigative
personnel have encountered a range of assignment-specific challenges and strains as a result of their involvement in this
taxing and novel investigative activity. In some cases, the cumulative effects of these strains, together with repeated exposure
to highly disturbing images of abused children, have resulted in stress reactions that have commanded the attention of police
managers and police psychologists alike. The present article is intended to provide an overview of the stresses unique to
child exploitation and pornography investigations, common reactions to these stressors, procedural safeguards to mitigate
the impact of this high-risk assignment, and two model programs designed to meet the needs of the current generation of “cyber
cops”.
相似文献
Meredith KrauseEmail: |
259.
This paper explores individual differences in perceptions of political violence, strategies for coping with violence, and
adaptive outcomes. Data on political violence stress, personal variables, coping strategies, and stress reactions were gathered
on a sample of 227 Israeli adolescents in Haifa and Northern Israel confronted with a prolonged period of terror attack in
the course of the Al-Aqsa Intifada. Political violence stress and trait anxiety were shown to be meaningful predictors of
both coping strategies and adaptive outcomes. Although adolescents reported employing more avoidance coping, on average, than
other coping modes, it was primarily the use of emotion-focused coping efforts that predicted stress reactions. The observation
that problem-focused coping did not meaningfully alleviate stress reactions may have been a function of the uncontrollable
nature and severity of the community stressor. The data were discussed and explicated in the context of stress and coping
theory and research.
Professor and Dean of Research and Director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Emotions, Haifa University, Mt.
Carmel, Israel. 相似文献
260.
Michelle Wierson Lisa Armistead Rex Forehand Amanda McCombs Thomas Rob Fauber 《Journal of family violence》1990,5(3):187-197
Parent-adolescent conflict is viewed as a common dimension of the family during the teenage years. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether mothers and fathers of young adolescents differ in their report of conflict with their adolescent, level of stress, and parenting competence. Furthermore, the role of age and gender of the young adolescents was examined. One hundred and twenty-two adolescents and their parents participated in the study. All families were intact. The families were divided into groups according to the adolescent's age and gender. Analyses of variance with three factors (adolescent's age, adolescent's gender, mothers versus fathers) were performed. Mothers and fathers did not differ on personal (depression) or marital adjustment and on perceived parenting competency. In contrast, in terms of parent-adolescent conflict, mothers reported a less positive relationship, a greater number of conflicts, and more intense discussions of conflicts with their adolescents. Gender and age of the adolescent were not important contributors to the analyses. The results suggest that, in terms of the variables examined in this study, conflict in the parent-adolescent relationship is the primary difference between mothers and fathers. 相似文献