Strengthening family planning stewardship with a total market approach: Mali,Uganda, and Kenya experiences

To improve overall market sustainability, governments and their donors are ramping up efforts to strengthen stewardship in developing country health markets. Key stewardship functions include generating intelligence that enable policymakers, ministerial leaders, and program managers to develop evidence‐based policies and strategies to improve the resource management, supply, and use of health products and services. The total market approach (TMA), an analytic and policy framework, generates market intelligence and improves evidence‐based decision‐making, and also strengthens other stewardship functions, such as building and sustaining partnerships, strengthening tools for implementation, aligning government policy with market interventions, and ensuring accountability/transparency. TMA evolved in response to the phase out of donor support for reproductive health (RH) and family planning (FP) programs and the need to improve coordination among public, private, nongovernmental organizations, and civil society to achieve greater equity, health impact, and market sustainability. To assess TMA's role in strengthening the stewardship of RH/FP markets, this article reviews three countries that applied TMA principles: Mali, Uganda, and Kenya. It identifies how TMA processes influenced stewardship functions and assesses to what degree these processes have contributed to concrete actions to improve market efficiency and sustainability.     

Mechanisms for popular participation and discursive constructions of citizenship

In the past decade, Latin America has witnessed the emergence of a political discourse that links popular participation to citizenship accompanied by an explosion of participatory mechanisms. Yet there is little qualitative research that looks at how participatory experiences affect people's perceptions of their role as citizens or to what extent the discourse transmitted through these institutions encourages participation or compliance. This article examines conceptions of citizenship among individuals who engage in participatory mechanisms in Venezuela, Ecuador and Chile. Using discourse analysis, it finds that participants in Venezuela and Ecuador have developed a ‘radical’ conception of active citizenship that differs from the liberal interpretation in Chile. Regardless of the preferred model, however, state discourse establishes parameters around citizenship. Furthermore, the discursive repertoires of citizen participants align with those produced by state institutions, suggesting that participatory mechanisms act to socialize people into participating in ‘legitimate’ and acceptable ways.     

MOVING INTO THE NEW AID APPROACH,DILEMMAS FOR NGOs: THE BELGIAN CASE

Under the new aid approach, nongovernmental development organizations (NGOs) are expected to move from “delivery” (service delivery projects) to “leverage” (lobbying and advocacy). In line with this international tendency, the Belgian government has signed a pact with the NGO sector in which a move away from delivery and toward leverage is being proposed. Given that Belgian NGOs are heavily dependent on government funding and strongly oriented toward the “delivery” model, this pact implies that a number of NGOs will have to undergo organizational changes. This article shows that there is a major cleavage in the NGO landscape in Belgium. Some organizations clearly favor the leverage, whereas others prefer the delivery roles. Those that are more dependent on government funding tend to incline toward the leverage orientation. The attitudinal orientation toward the leverage model however does not imply that organizations are effectively willing and able to change. A number of identity and legitimacy concerns are perceived by NGOs to be important sources of organizational inertia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

《气候变化框架公约》履行的环境法解释与方案选择

《气候变化框架公约》及其议定书是人类应对气候变化所制定的总体规划和实施细则,但是,由于其和其他环境法公约一样具有环境法的"软法"特质,一些《气候变化框架公约》的履行机制出现了许多值得探究的边白。以"震慑型"方案还是"激励型"方案为主,需要从《气候变化框架公约》的履行理论切入,深入剖析,对此两种方案进行理论、实证博弈分析,得出《气候变化框架公约》履行方案的应有选择,为今后其他国际环境条约的履行提供相关指导。     

参与式预算在城市公用事业项目中的应用——对黑龙江省巴彦县集中供热项目实施参与式预算的评价

参与式预算是一种创新的社会管理方式,旨在增加社会公众对公共支出提出建议的途径,拓宽公民直接参与资源分配的渠道。本文主要基于巴彦县参与式预算供热项目进行实证研究,从居民对该项目的认知情况、参与情况,对该项目实施过程、实施结果的评价等具体导向指标入手,了解该项目实施的满意度,验证该模式的效用,探寻该实验项目的可持续发展和未来前景,为进一步修正推广该模式奠定基础。     

参与式治理视角下地方政府环境管理创新

随着公民社会能力、网络化和沟通结构的扩展,参与式治理将成为地方政府环境管理创新的路径选择。本文总结了近年来中国地方政府环境管理中的参与式治理创新实践,提出参与式治理视角下推进地方政府环境管理创新的对策建议。     

对加快构建贵州生态补偿机制的理性思考

推动经济社会加快发展需要不断创新发展模式,促进市场化背景下的有限资源要素有效配置需要创新资源管理模式。补偿源于付出与失损。生态补偿机制是一种新型资源环境管理模式,是生态环境保护政策创新的重要内容。新形势下,对于经济社会发展相对滞后的贵州来说,加快构建生态补偿机制具有特别重要的意义和作用。     

试论高职高专院校法律职业技能的培养途径

法律职业技能的培养是高职高专法律事务专业人才培养方案中非常重要的一环，建立一套适合高职高专院校法律事务专业的职业技能培训体系，对提高应用型法律人才的素质起着至关重要的作用。高职高专法律事务专业要重视目前法律职业技能培养中存在的问题，建立适合高职高专法律事务专业职业技能的培养途径。     

职业技术院校图书馆的优势及创新路径

职业技术院校图书馆所具有的独特的资源优势和用户优势，为创新活动提供了有利条件。图书馆的创新活动。必须在结合自身特殊性的基础上加强个性化服务及数字化服务。在现阶段，目标创新、角色创新和服务创新，应该成为职业技术院校图书馆创新工作的基本路径。其基本策略包括：围绕专业建设，做好资源的储备工作；围绕课程改革，做好信息的整合工作；围绕服务对象，做好需求的细分工作。