当代台湾中小学道德教育概览及启示

台湾中小学的道德教育,面对时代发展的潮流和教育改革的需要,产生了较大的变化,其德育课程改革的成功经验和不足之处,值得我们密切关注。台湾道德教育具有课程整合原则下的分散性、能力指标凸显下的渐进性、一纲多本政策下的灵活性、多元评价取向下的实践性等特点。在发挥隐性德育的作用、德育课程的开发、德育的回归生活、德育环境的培育等四个方面,其改革的经验和教训对祖国大陆道德教育改革具有重要的启示意义。     

首要标准下监狱企业转型升级的思考

发展是永恒的话题。在服务“首要标准”的方针指引下,对监狱企业实行转型升级,实现监狱生产的可持续健康发展,是一个重要的理论课题。当前,我国监狱企业面临诸多困境,深度解读“首要标准”和“转型升级”,有助于科学认识监狱生产的发展规律,推动监狱和监狱生产工作实现良性循环发展。     

Issue Convergence in Presidential Campaigns

This effort seeks to expand our understanding of the supply-side of the campaign process by investigating how candidate competition for agenda control affects occurrences of issue convergence (the discussion of the same issues by competing candidates) in campaigns for the presidency. More specifically, I integrate hypotheses suggested by extant literature into a framework that captures the factors that motivate presidential candidates selection of issues and the factors that affect their decisions to address issues also discussed by their opponents. These hypotheses are tested with duration analysis and data gathered from all available campaign advertisements produced by candidates competing in the 1976 through 1996 presidential elections. The results indicate that occurrences of issue convergences are quite frequent in presidential campaigns and that candidates decisions to address the same issues are affected by an issues saliency and partisan ownership, as well by changes in the campaign environment.     

Black and White Unite? The Clinton–Obama Campaigns in Historical Perspective*

Senators Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama are battling to win the Democratic party's nomination as presidential candidate in 2008. Never has a white woman or a black man been so close to entering the White House. Standing in their way is Republican Senator John McCain, who would be the oldest white male ever to become US president. A possible spoiler for any of the three is the perennial campaigner, Ralph Nader. The political, social and economic histories of women and African Americans have been entwined, often to the cost of the other, since before the American Civil War. Before World War I the issue was the suffrage; then came the struggles for (women's) equal rights and (African American) civil rights, particularly after World War II. These narratives, with the related cross‐currents of class and ethnicity, are explored in relation to contemporary history and politics, especially the continuing gender and racial ‘gaps’ in US society.     

Shirley Chisholm： Unbought and unbossed An African American woman in U.S. politics

The article explores how an African American woman, Shirley Chisholm, was involved in American politics in the 20th century. Chisholm＇s political career took off in 1964, when she won the campaign for the New York State General Assembly. In 1968, after finishing her term in the legislature, Ms. Chisholm campaigned to represent New York＇s twelfth congressional district. She won the election and became the first colored woman elected to congress. During her first term in congress, Chisholm hired an all-female staff and spoke out for civil rights, women＇s rights, the poor and against the Vietnam War. In 1970, she was elected to continue a second term. She remarked that women in the United States must become revolutionaries and they must refuse to accept the old, the traditional roles and stereotypes. On January 25, 1972, Shirley Chisholm announced her candidacy for president. Ms. Chisholm became the first African American woman to campaign for the presidency. Not surprisingly, she met a lot of resistance, even from the congressional black caucus and women＇s right groups. The Democratic National Convention in 1972 in Miami was the first major convention in which a woman was considered for the presidential nomination. Although she did not win the nomination, she received 151 of the delegates＇ votes. The whole aim of her campaign was not to win but enter the struggle and pave the way for the future. Ms. Chisholm believed her black colleagues in congress failed to rally around her because she was a woman. Shirley is one of the many African American women who have been denied their rightful place in American history, She fought for change and the article tries to remember the role she played in the United States politics in the 20th century.     

‘A curious relationship’: Barack Obama,the 1960s and the election of 2008

ABSTRACT

Ward explores the diverse ways in which memories, understandings and misunderstandings of the 1960s were mobilized during the 2008 election cycle. At the time, Barack Obama's campaign and triumph were hailed by many as marking a series of a decisive breaks with the past, notably with the culture wars and fiercely ideological political partisanship unleashed in the late 1960s. Others suggested that Obama represented a new kind of candidate who somehow transcended, or might even heal, the racial divisions in the United States, in a fanciful vogue for ‘post-racialism’ that Ward argues was also connected to popular conceptions of the 1960s and, in particular, to a misreading of the social philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr and his ‘I Have a Dream’ speech. While some commentators stressed rupture and discontinuity with the past in interpreting Obama's victory, others—friend and foe alike—were keen to stress continuities with the past, often explicitly with a 1960s routinely, if simplistically, parsed into ‘good’ early and ‘bad’ later periods. ThusWard considers Obama's connections to the civil rights and black power movements, as well as to other 1960s organizing traditions, charismatic leaders and conceptions of federal government, arguing that the decade continues to offer an important, if ambiguous touchstone in contemporary American politics and social memory.     

天麻钩藤饮联合卡托普利治疗原发性高血压的系统评价和Meta分析

目的 评价天麻钩藤饮联合卡托普利治疗原发性高血压的有效性和安全性,为动物实验和临床推广提供科学依据。方法 纳入天麻钩藤饮联合卡托普利与单纯卡托普利治疗原发性高血压的随机对照试验（randomised control trails,RCTs）文献,用Jadad量表对文献的质量进行评分,进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入8篇RCTs文献,均是Jadad评分小于3分的低质量研究。两组临床疗效、原发性高血压症状的合并效应量比值比（odds ratio,RR）分别为1.15、1.41;治疗后收缩压、舒张压的合并效应量分别为-5.37、-4.85 mmHg,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组的不良反应均较少。结论 与单纯卡托普利比较,天麻钩藤饮联合卡托普利治疗原发性高血压有更好的临床疗效,可改善症状,降压效果更佳,具有较好的安全性,适合临床的推广使用。由于纳入文献的质量不高,仍需要高质量的大样本双盲RCTs的支持。