Identifying Common Practices in Community-Based Rape Prevention Programs

Community-based rape prevention programs have received little attention in the research literature. In this study qualitative methods were used to describe such programs and to assess the degree of homogeneity in their practices. In-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of 10 community-based prevention programs in a single state. Findings suggest that two typologies exist: short programs and extended programs. Homogeneity across programs was common as most programs emphasized secondary and tertiary prevention and relied on short curricula that are implemented with mixed-gender groups of students. A comparison to practices found in the research literature indicate that they are mostly using the same practices and these practices have not been demonstrated to have sustained behavioral effects that would reduce the incidence of sexual violence. Implications for future practice are discussed.     

徘徊在伦理与法律之间：婚内强奸犯罪化的思考

婚内强奸是一个全球性的社会问题。西方很多国家在女权运动的影响下，最终废除了丈夫婚内强奸的豁免权。我国刑法典没有明确规定婚内强奸是否构成强奸罪，由此导致了理论观点的激烈争论以及司法判决的大相径庭。目前在中国，有条件地承认婚内强奸的观点和判决具有合理性和可操作性，因为它不仅契合了婚姻本质、刑法理论和中国国情，而且保护了妇女的合法权利，体现了刑法的人文关怀，兼顾了社会的福祉。     

Marital Rape: Is the Crime Taken Seriously Without Co-occurring Physical Abuse?

This vignette study was conducted to determine how observers' beliefs about marital rape are altered by the knowledge of a prior history of husband-to- wife physical violence. Participants (n = 50 college students) read three different marital rape situations; in one situation the husband had been physically violent in the past; in another he had not. In the third situation, participants were not given any information about the physical abuse history between the spouses. As expected, participants blamed the victim most for the marital rape and minimized the seriousness of the rape when they had been told that there was not a prior history of husband-to-wife physical abuse. These findings suggest that observers use a physical violence history to establish the coercion needed to determine that marital rape had occurred. The legal implications of these findings are discussed.     

论嫖宿幼女罪之司法适用

嫖宿幼女与奸淫幼女型的强奸是一种想象竞合,在一个行为同时符合两罪的犯罪构成时就应该从一重处罚。嫖宿幼女罪保护的是幼女之身心健康与社会管理秩序之双重法益,特别是嫖宿行为中支付嫖资的情节并非其减责事由,因为这种情节既不是违法性减轻事由（所保护的法益并未因此受到较小之侵害）,也不是责任减轻事由（行为人之主观恶性并未有任何降低）。相反,这种给付嫖资的行为恰恰是一种容易引起社会之仿效的加重处罚理由。因此,对于嫖宿幼女罪的司法适用,不论从法律解释、立法目的还是其与强奸罪的关系来看,都有其单独存在之合理与必要。     

Jews’ and Arabs’ Perceptions of Inter-Group and Intra-Group Date Rape

The study examined the influence of three factors on rape responsibility attributions: subjects’ gender, subjects’ ethnicity, and victim and perpetrator’s ethnicity. Participants were 247 undergraduate students in Israel (164 Jews and 83 Arabs). The most revealing findings are connected with the threefold interaction between the factors studied. It was found that Arab males and females, members of the minority ethnic group, tended to assign more responsibility to a victim involved in inter-group relationships, whereas Jewish males and females, members of the dominant majority group, attributed more responsibility to a victim involved in intra-group relationships. More specifically, Arab males attributed more responsibility to an Arab victim raped by a Jew, while Arab females attributed more responsibility to a Jewish victim raped by an Arab. Among Jews, males attributed more responsibility to an Arab victim raped by an Arab, and females attributed more responsibility to a Jewish victim raped by a Jew. Several ways to explain these interactions are suggested.     

未成年人性侵犯罪研究———以嫖宿幼女案件的法律适用为视角

在关于未成年人性侵犯罪的罪名中,嫖宿幼女罪与奸淫幼女型强奸罪之间关系复杂。理论界有关于嫖宿幼女罪存废论的争论,审判实践中嫖宿幼女罪与奸淫幼女型强奸罪在法律适用上存在操作困难。本文试图在现行立法模式下,通过论证两罪间的法条竞合的关系,进而提出对于一般嫖宿行为以嫖宿幼女罪定罪量刑,对发生刑法第二百三十六条第三款情形时则以强奸罪定罪量刑的解决路径。     

Self-Reports of Traumatic Events in a Random Sample of Incarcerated Women

Abstract

As the number of incarcerated women increases, in-depth knowledge about women's life experiences is needed to direct treatment, pre-release planning, and supervision. This study describes the nature, scope, and socioeconomic correlates of traumatic life events in a random sample of 403 women entering a state correctional facility. Ninety-nine percent of the sample reported having experienced at least one traumatic life event; 81% experienced five or more. Reports of several experiences differed by age, race, and marital status. The most compelling findings were related to the experience of homelessness. Women who had been without a place to live for at least seven days were between 2.19 and 5.62 times more likely to have experienced 14 of 21 traumatic events. Most of these events were defined by interpersonal violence. Implications for correctional policy are discussed, particularly the potential for incarceration to replicate or ameliorate symptoms of traumatic stress through the structure and routine of the prison environment.     

熟人强奸：犯罪类型与人际关系的实证研究

熟人强奸犯罪是近年来国内外在强奸犯罪研究领域的研究重点。本文在收集熟人强奸案件的基础上,通过实证的研究方法,将熟人强奸分为约会强奸、聚会强奸、非约（聚）会双向互动强奸、非互动强奸四种不同的类型,并通过对这四种类型的分类研究,探讨了不同类型熟人强奸犯罪发生与犯罪人和被害人之间的人际关系的相关性。     

强奸罪与嫖宿幼女罪的关系

如何理解奸淫幼女型强奸罪与嫖宿幼女罪的关系,刑法理论存在多种解释方案。在立法论上,可以从两罪法条竞合但刑罚轻重失序的角度展开修法必要性的论证。在解释论上,无论是将两罪解释为法条竞合进而主张“重法优于轻法”或者主张想象竞合犯而“从一重罪处罚”,在法理上都难以自洽。较为妥当的解释方案是,缺乏有效同意是强奸罪的构成要件要素,具备有效同意则是嫖宿幼女罪的构成要件要素,因此两罪是互斥关系。同意效力判断的关键在于幼女是否属于具备性同意能力的卖淫幼女。这不仅能够合理说明类法益对刑法章节设置的指导意义,而且有利于维持保护幼女与保障人权之间的平衡。     

不必重构我国刑法上的强奸罪——从比较法律文化的角度考察

域外强奸犯罪的立法变革源于其人权的张扬、女性运动的发展和对同性恋的宽容等社会现实引起的性文化观念的革新。在祖国大陆地区由于传统文化观念依然占据主流地位,女性的主体意识,特别是性主体意识和相应的文化观念尚未普遍形成,女性在社会经济文化生活中的地位制约着男女平等观念的确立;因此,在现有的制度和文化背景下,不宜立即变革强奸罪立法,而应当积极采取以司法个案判决的形式推进体现正义和平等的性文化观念,最终实现强奸罪的立法变革,这应当是目前我国大陆地区比较稳妥的做法。