Corporate Governance of Nonprofit Organizations: Cooperation and Control

Abstract

This article explores the limits of institutional economics regarding the cooperation of boards of directors and executive directors of nonprofit organizations. The normative separation of power between these central actors resulting especially from arguments derived from institutional economics is being reflected using the analytical approach from the resource-based view and empirical evidence based upon group and motivational theory. After analyzing the board’s role and the individual board member’s role within a nonprofit organization, the paper explores the limits to decision-making within governing bodies. The paper shows why a unitary board can improve the quality of decision-making within nonprofit organizations by raising the incentives for the executive director to act as desired. The paper also explores the impact of trust and different types of control upon the key actors within the governance process in order to derive the suitable form of control from that analysis.     

西方经济分析法学在中国

经济分析法学坚持效率应当被看作是法律的基本价值 ,法律的效益价值理论和经济分析方法是法学研究理论领域和方法论上的重大突破 ,经济分析法学对我国市场经济条件下的法治建设具有重要意义。     

Letters of love and loss in a time of revolution

While significant attention has been paid to migrant letters, usually as part of a correspondence over time, the single letter has received little attention as it has been suggested that it cannot reveal a depth of psychological insight. However, at times of crisis such as the upheaval of revolution, a single letter may provide insight into the confluence of revolution and family life. Three letters written by different members of one family present firstly, the chaos of family where the whereabouts of family members remain unknown and use coded references to family and friends as the ending of the 1956 revolution created an exodus from Hungary. The letters, written by family remaining in Hungary to a refugee mother and her young daughter, address loneliness and loss across the generations and provide evidence of the irrevocable loss of family ties and friends at the time, as an amnesty for those who left only came into effect in 1963. The letters present linguistic issues in relation to translation, ethics and the position of researcher/recipient with reference to the analysis of the letters which presents personal knowledge of their writers in the form of biographical information.     

Fuel Distribution in Brazil： Profile and Stability of Plural Governances

This paper is dedicated to the study of governances adopted by fuel distributors in their transactions with gas station retailers in the State of Sgo Paulo. With the deregulation of the market, plural forms were allowed and have been a recurring presence. The main aim of the paper is to investigate why these plural forms have remained on the market The main hypothesis of this paper is that the plural forms found are transitory, not as a result of increased efficiency and reduced transaction costs, but because plural forms have become a key strategic step in securing business partners and promoting greater growth of the firm. Moreover, it is argued that the institutional environment has a significant influence on the coordination of plural forms, directly interfering with their stability. The research method was qualitative research with a group of 25 distribution companies which account for about 80% of sales of ethanol and gasoline in the domestic market.     

西部农村市场化的困境分析及其对策思考

现阶段我国西部地区以家庭为生产单位的千家万户至今仍未完全适应市场,农村市场仍处于机制不健全、市场体系不完善的状态,市场经济体制建设相对滞后。西部地区市场化改革实质上就是一个不断降低市场交易费用的过程。因此,加快西部农村市场化改革的进程,提高西部农民的收入,建立和完善市场经济制度,是一项长期而系统的工作。     

马克思主义经济学形态从一维向三维的转换

三维经济学形态是指以经济系统、社会系统、生态系统为研究平台综合研究经济问题。马克思主义经济学面临全面建设富裕、文明、民主的社会主义社会的新使命,需要将经济学形态从一维转变成三维。科学发展观对此形态转换给出了理论指导与精神动力。文章提出的转换途径有:学科范畴上从一维转向三维;研究前提上构建跨越三个系统的广义社会人概念;透过三维系统中的事物来研究经济规律;理论应用上包含经济、社会、生态各领域的综合性措施;研究方法上三个系统的定性分析与定量分析混合使用。     

基层警力不足的经济学分析

随着我国经济和社会的发展,社会治安的形势也越来越严峻,人们对公安机关提出了更多的期待,而公安机关的工作任务越来越重,基层民警的工作对社会治安形势的影响重大,关系到国家的长治久安,但是由于公安工作的特殊性以及制度保障等方面的不足,造成了警力难以下沉,基层警力不足。本文从经济学的角度,尤其是运用公共经济学中公共产品、理性经济人假设,成本收益等理论进行分析,从而得出造成我国基层警力不足的原因。要缓解基层警力不足,需要提高公众对民警的认同,提高民警的待遇,合理的使用经费以及提高现有人力资源的使用效率。     

论犯罪经济学的产生和研究概况

犯罪经济学是用经济学的原理和经济分析方法 ,研究、分析、探讨经济等利益因素与犯罪人的意识相互作用的规律及预防、控制犯罪的对策理论的一门新兴学科。它认为犯罪人所以实施犯罪 ,是理性选择的结果。理性选择是以权衡资源的投入与收益的大小、追求效益最大化为目的的 ,因此预防犯罪的对策应针对犯罪人理性 ,采取加大犯罪投入资源的成本、降低犯罪收益的措施 ,才能收到好的效果。犯罪经济学虽然运用了经济学的原理和经济分析方法 ,但由于研究的核心问题是犯罪问题 ,所以它的学科性质应属于犯罪学的分支学科。犯罪经济学产生于 2 0世纪 60年代后期 ,当时以美国为首的西方国家犯罪率猛增 ,对社会经济发展造成了严重危害 ,对该问题的研究要求用新思想、新方法进行 ,同时在美国发达的市场经济条件下 ,要求人们用经济分析方法去解决和对待一切问题 ,因而促使了犯罪经济学的产生。犯罪经济学的产生大大丰富了犯罪研究领域的内容 ,为犯罪研究提供了新的理论方法 ,对犯罪学的发展作出了积极的贡献。在我国 ,犯罪经济学的研究还处于零散的尚未形成系统的阶段 ,其观点主要有广义说和狭义说两种。     

"严打"的法律经济学分析

严打作为我国一项阶段性的执法策略,在20多年的实践运行中,虽颇有成效,却不尽如人意.于是从司法资源的稀缺性和刑罚威慑效应出发,以法律经济学的视角对其进行度量分析,以期达到理性控制的目的,便有着十分重要的意义.