Can urban migration contribute to rural resistance? Indigenous mobilization in the Middle Rio Negro,Amazonas, Brazil

Given the importance of land for indigenous peoples, rural out-migration is usually associated with a disruption of indigenous culture. This paper suggests that instead of being a disruptive process, migration can serve as the means for a ‘scale shift’ that transports mobilization capacity from one location to another. This contribution presents the case of Barcelos, in the Brazilian Amazon, where an indigenous movement first arose in an urban area, due to the migration of indigenous activists from other locations, and later spread to rural communities as a result of local migratory circulation. Through alliances with the regional indigenous movement, these rural communities became part of a broader mobilization network that supported the indigenous resurgence in Barcelos.     

Small farms,smaller plots: land size,fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia

African agriculture is often dominated by smallholder farms composed of multiple plots. In policy circles it is often assumed that fragmentation coupled with small farm size is an impediment to increasing yields and thus decreasing poverty and food insecurity. There also exists an influential literature that explores the inverse relationship between farm size and yield. While there are many studies internationally, few have been conducted in Africa. Using an Ethiopian national survey, we explore the relationship between yield, farm size and fragmentation. We find an inverse relationship between farm size and yield, and a positive association between yield and land fragmentation.     

当前中国大众民粹程度测量研究

对民粹主义的内涵和实证研究的分析表明,民粹主义是一个可以测量的概念。通过对中国民粹主义的表现形式和网络民粹话语的梳理,形成了一个包含仇视官员、民族民粹主义、反体制、仇视富人、民粹司法和仇视专家等6个维度23个指标的民粹程度量表。运用这个量表考察中国社会各阶层样本,发现中国在整体上并不具备明显的民粹主义特征。     

大病风险冲击下农户户内劳动供给的性别差异分析——来自四川贫困县的证据

本文首先利用四川省秦巴山区一个县2696户农户调查数据和153户深度访谈数据,考察贫困地区农户大病风险以及大病风险下农户户内劳动供给的性别差异,然后通过典型案例总结大病风险下农户户内女性劳动供给的模式。研究发现,农村女性面临更多的大病风险,但却提供更多的户内劳动供给———从事更多的家庭收入创造活动和提供家庭成员大病患者的照料服务。文章最后讨论了大病风险下户内劳动供给性别差异的原因并提出了相关建议。     

From boomerangs to minefields and catapults: dynamics of trans-local resistance to land-grabs

This paper explores the political processes that activists engaged in contesting land grabbing have triggered to connect claims across borders and to international institutions, regimes and processes. Through a review of cases of land-grab resistance that have led to project cancelation or suspension, I argue that contextual elements of the land grab and shifting geopolitics highlight the need for adaptation and refinement of models of transnational advocacy, historically structured in North–South patterns. For example, while some elements of the boomerang pattern of transnational advocacy are still relevant, changing realities call for new empirically enriched models. To this end, I outline two typologies of political contention that can help us conceptualize multi-scalar interactions between activists to demonstrate the impact of local resistances at larger scales – ‘the catapult effect’ and the ‘minefield effect’. This paper contributes to calls for further theorization to understand how feedback processes between international discourses, meso-politics and conflicts and resistance at local sites of production impact the implementation of contested land deals.     

On scale work: evidential practices and global health interventions

Abstract

Scalability can be understood as the ability to expand without changing. Yet, expanding an intervention to a global scale, we suggest, is a significant and difficult accomplishment. In this paper we propose to explore the kind of evidential exigencies that this accomplishment involves. To do so, we focus on the field of global health and examine how child immunization against the pneumococcus bacterium has been scaled up in low-income countries. The paper first attends to initial epidemiological scrutiny that revealed the existence of a large-scale public health problem and the possibility of an expandable solution (vaccination). It then describes the set-up of a funding arrangement using overseas aid to purchase vaccine doses manufactured by pharmaceutical companies, before paying attention to various frictions that affect the widespread use of pneumococcal vaccines. In these different moments through which scalability is accomplished, always partially and temporarily, we show that a dual activity can be witnessed, a pivoting between referential work and forward projection. To conclude, we suggest that scalability is more usefully approached as a form of expansion that is always attentive to the possibilities of change.     

If territorial fragmentation is a problem,is amalgamation a solution? – Ten years later

ABSTRACT

Over the last decade, municipal territorial amalgamation has occurred in 15 European countries. The same period has seen spectacular progress in research on the relationship between municipal size and the functioning of local governments, as well as the impacts of territorial reforms on economic performance and local democracy. Quasi-experimental designs treating territorial reforms as specific “research laboratories” have constituted an important part of that trend. However, there are still important gaps in the knowledge and the study results are often inconclusive. These observations call for a research agenda for the future.     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌感染对猪血液生化指标的影响

将24头健康DLY仔猪按性别、体重随机分为2组,采用鼻腔喷雾法分别接种生理盐水(对照组)和含3.8×107 CFU/mL胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)的稀释液(试验组),研究了APP感染对猪血液生化指标的影响。血液生化指标由Airone-200RA全自动生化分析仪检测。结果显示,与对照组猪相比,试验组猪血清中TP含量略有升高(P>0.05),GLB含量极显著升高(P<0.01),ALB含量、A/G值极显著下降(P<0.01);ALT、AST活性升高,其中AST活性升高极显著(P<0.01),而LT/ST值下降显著(P<0.05);IBIL、TBIL浓度及IB/DB值极显著升高(P<0.01),DBIL浓度略有下降(P>0.05);BUN、CRE浓度均略有升高(P>0.05);GLU浓度、AKP活性极显著下降(P<0.01),Ca浓度及Ca/P值极显著下降(P<0.01),P浓度显著升高(P<0.05)。结果表明,胸膜肺炎放线杆菌感染引起了猪严重的肝功能代谢障碍,血糖和血钙显著下降,肾排泄负荷增加。     

百年鱼塭：清代东石蔡氏在台湾的鱼塭经营

清代台湾南部的鱼塭经营是台湾史研究一个比较薄弱的环节。本文利用晋江东石蔡氏的家族文献，结合地方史志以及田野调查等资料，对清代东石蔡氏在台湾布袋嘴的鱼塭经营进行纵向考察，同时就此个案反映出的股权经营形式进行探讨。文章认为，清代台湾的鱼塭经营有多种股权形式，一种为长期合股经营，另一种是在此基础上演变出来的更为复杂的股权形式，如蔡氏经营的北中横塭就有塭底份（大税）、韫佃份（小税）、现耕塭份，以及承包者再行转髅的堤份等。这些不同层面的权力，既与土地经营有某种关联或类似性，同时也有自身的特点。     

规模化生产:我国现代农业发展的重要方向

党的十八届三中全会作出了加快发展规模化生产,推进农业现代化的战略部署。从我国发展规模化生产的必要性、重要性、紧迫性和可行性等四个方面来看,我国发展规模化生产是历史的必然,势在必行。我国发展规模化生产应采取以下对策和措施:1.土地流转;2.发展机械;3.规范程序;4.完善法规;5.培训人才;6.加强管理;7.重视科技;8.政策扶持;9.增大投入;10.增强合作。我国发展规模化生产,可能会带来以下几个问题:一是地力衰退问题;二是病虫草害问题;三是土地非农化问题;四是农民失业问题;五是两极分化问题。针对这些问题,作者提出了相应的防范对策和具体措施。