重塑联邦政府与总统管理议题：美国的行政改革及启示

20世纪80年代以来,西方各国掀起了行政改革的浪潮,美国也不例外。透视美国的行政改革,对我国的政府改革有一定的启示。     

How do fiscally decentralized federations fare in times of crisis? Insights from Switzerland

This article examines federal dynamics during times of crisis in fiscally decentralized federations using Switzerland as an example. Based on qualitative research, we analyse how the relationship between the federal government and the cantons evolved during the recent ‘Great Recession’ and ensuing financial crisis. We contend that fiscally decentralized structures, as well as the consensus-oriented institutions of the political system, protect the federal balance of power. Our results show that Switzerland indeed adapted well to the crisis of the 2009 economic recession. However, the deficit crisis has revealed challenging coordination problems, notably in the areas of fiscal equalization and corporate taxation, which have the potential to put federal stability under stress. So far, the system has adapted well and safeguarded the federal order. Due to its combination of fiscally decentralized institutions and a strong consensus culture, Switzerland has proven to be a particularly robust federation.     

FINANCING THE WAR ON DRUGS: THE IMPACT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT GRANTS ON RACIAL DISPARITIES IN DRUG ARRESTS

This study estimates the impact of the discretionary Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Program (EBMGP) on drug arrests and crime. The 1986 and 1988 Anti‐Drug Abuse Act allocated federal funds to state and local municipalities to combat illicit drug use and violent crime associated with drug sales and trafficking. The results show that the implementation of the EBMGP resulted in an increase in police hiring, an increase in drug sales arrest rates for Blacks and Whites, and a decrease in total crime. Nonetheless, Black‐White racial disparity in the drug sales arrest rate still significantly increases by approximately 1 for every 1,000 Black residents. Our findings highlight the role of federal crime control policies in state and local policing. Although, the EBMGP was a color‐blind policy initiative, it was not race neutral in its implementation.     

Secrecy and military expenditures in the Russian budget

ABSTRACT

This article proposes a transparent method for collecting, structuring, and analyzing Russian budget data on defense and security-related expenditures. A precise answer to the question of how big Russia’s defense expenditures are is impossible because of issues concerning secrecy and accounting principles. We circumvent this challenge by constructing lower and upper bounds for Russia’s military expenditure, showing that depending on the chosen measure these have increased from the range of 10.3–31.2% of federal expenditures in 2011 to 12.9–35.4% in 2018. The analysis also yields additional insights into the concept of secrecy in the Russian budget; we show that 39 out of 96 subchapters in the Russian budget contain secret expenditures, many of which are not nominally related to defense or security, and that secret expenditures increased as a share of total expenditures from 12% to 17% between 2011 and 2019.     

保税港区的法律性质与法制完善

加入WTO后,在我国新的改革开放举措中,保税港区被寄予厚望。本文首先分析了保税港区的法律性质,认为保税港区是特殊经济区、海关特殊监管区域、地方政府的行政管理区域。根据对法律性质和我国现行相关立法的分析,笔者认为我国相关法律制度有三处不足:立法层次较低、管理者不明确、尚无保税港区检验检疫的国家立法。因此,建议由国务院制定颁布《保税港区条例》,来规范保税港区的设置和管理。在国家没有新的立法前,天津市和上海市制定本地立法的做法值得肯定。建议保税港区的地方政府可以根据地方立法权,参照天津立法来制定本地的保税港区管理规定。     

An analysis of asymmetric effect of federal transfers across Indian states

This study empirically examines the asymmetric effect of federal transfers in India using a panel dataset of 18 states from 2000–2001 to 2019–2020. In mapping the asymmetric effect of federal transfers on subnational spending across the Indian states, we test it in the extended ‘flypaper effect’ framework, examining whether subnational expenditures respond in the same way to changes in federal transfers. To quantify the extent of the asymmetric effect on the subnational expenditure, we employed the panel non-linear ARDL model. The results suggest that subnational spending has a greater asymmetric response to the increase in federal transfers than to a decrease. At the disaggregate level, ten out of 18 states have a fiscal replacement kind of asymmetric effect in any spending specifications. But only three validate it in the capital and development spending, and seven states validating in the non-development expenditure on the revenue accounts. Replacing the cut in federal transfers with other revenue sources that prioritise non-development spending over development spending is problematic.     

我国高新技术产业开发区发展布局的合理性取向探讨

高新技术产业开发区的发展布局是具有一定规律性的,园区运营的绩效与发展布局有很大关系。本文简述了我国高新技术产业开发区的类型,分析了发展布局的现状,并指出了存在的问题,进而对我国高新技术产业开发区发展布局的重点、发展布局框架的构想等进行了探讨。     

对科技园区、开发区新建企业建会工作的思考

北京市现有科技园区、开发区的工会组建工作存在的问题,从性质上来划分,可以分为两大类。一是认识上的问题,党政工领导的认识是制约新建企业建会的根本原因;二是体制上的问题,体制不顺的现状导致建会工作的诸多困难。提高认识,理顺体制,是解决新建企业建会问题的当务之急。     

Die Evaluation öffentlicher Politiken mit föderalistischen Vollzugsarrangements. Eine konzeptionelle Erweiterung des Stufenmodells und eine praktische Anwendung

Der vorliegende Artikel leistet einen Beitrag zur Konzipierung von Wirkungsmodellen für die Evaluation von öffentlichen Politiken mit föderalistischen Vollzugsarrangements. Das Phasenmodell des Policy‐Zyklus erfasst die Prinzipal‐Agent‐Probleme des Vollzugsföderalismus nur unzureichend. Es ist aus diesem Grund sinnvoll, in der Genesephase eine Zusatzschlaufe vorzusehen, die dem Umstand Rechnung trägt, dass in der Schweiz die Kantone beim Vollzug von Bundesgesetzen nicht nur Umsetzungs‐, sondern auch Programmierungskompetenzen haben. Diese Zusatzschlaufe impliziert allerdings beim häufig verwendeten Stufenmodell von Knoepfel und Bussmann (1997) für die Evaluierung öffentlicher Politik das Problem, dass es zu einer Vermischung der Evaluationsgegenstände auf Bundes‐ und Kantonsebene kommt. Diesem Umstand begegnen wir mit der Erweiterung des Stufenmodells, indem wir die beiden föderalen Ebenen getrennt betrachten und die Evaluationsgegenstände nicht generell, sondern entsprechend der Staatsebene definieren. Das Modell wird mit einer Anwendung aus der Evaluation des Krankenversicherungsgesetzes illustriert.     

兰州-西宁经济区城市体系研究

本文从兰州-西宁经济区可能包括的城市入手,利用断裂点模型通过计算首位城市断裂点距离、断裂点处场强以及各个城市辐射半径,界定兰州-西宁经济区的城市及其辐射层级结构,发现兰州一西宁经济区是双核心结构;在东部呈现出以兰州为核心,辐射白银、定西、临夏、红古等次核心圈层;在西部形成了以西宁一平安为核心,辐射乐都、湟源、民和等次核心圈层。通过位序——规模定律测度兰州-西宁经济区的城市体系结构,发现兰州-西宁经济区的城市结构体系发育水平相对较低,首位城市兰州的垄断地位较强,呈现出“孤岛型”特征。