Performance of the SNPforID 52 SNP-plex assay in paternity testing

The performance of a multiplex assay with 52 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed for human identification was tested on 124 mother–child–father trios. The typical paternity indices (PIs) were 10⁵–10⁶ for the trios and 10³–10⁴ for the child–father duos. Using the SNP profiles from the randomly selected trios and 700 previously typed individuals, a total of 83,096 comparisons between mother, child and an unrelated man were performed. On average, 9–10 mismatches per comparison were detected. Four mismatches were genetic inconsistencies and 5–6 mismatches were opposite homozygosities. In only two of the 83,096 comparisons did an unrelated man match perfectly to a mother–child duo, and in both cases the PI of the true father was much higher than the PI of the unrelated man. The trios were also typed for 15 short tandem repeats (STRs) and seven variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs). The typical PIs based on 15 STRs or seven VNTRs were 5–50 times higher than the typical PIs based on 52 SNPs. Six mutations in tandem repeats were detected among the randomly selected trios. In contrast, there was not found any mutations in the SNP loci. The results showed that the 52 SNP-plex assay is a very useful alternative to currently used methods in relationship testing. The usefulness of SNP markers with low mutation rates in paternity and immigration casework is discussed.     

论城市绿化法的基本原则

城市绿化法的基本原则是指为城市绿化法所确认或体现并反映城市绿化法的本质和特征的基本准则，它贯穿于整个城市绿化法律体系，对于城市绿化法律法规的创制、执行、遵守和适用都具有普遍的指导作用，是城市绿化法的基础和核心。科学完备的城市绿化法基本原则体系应该是以人为本原则、因地制宜原则、公众参与原则、生态优先原则、科技兴绿原则和可持续发展原则的有机统一。     

关于集体协商指导员培训课程设计的几点思考

对集体协商指导员的要求,可归纳为政治素质、业务技术、协商能力、指导服务能力四个方面。与此相对应,集体协商指导员的培训课程,应设计为政治理论、技术要素、协商谈判和指导服务四个模块。其课程应实行分类化设置;教学形式则应突出实战性;考核评价亦应强调多元化。     

社区治安风险评估与监控系统建设的几点思考

社区治安状况的优劣已经影响到整个社会的治安状况,社区治安风险评估能够为制定社区安全防范的具体措施和管理决策提供依据。本文以保障社区安全为目的,分析了研究社区治安风险评估与监控的意义;运用对比和归纳的方法,从国内外技术、知识产权、国内现有的工作基础和国内外技术发展趋势等角度总结了社区治安风险评估与监控研究的现状;并在对2010年某派出所盗窃机动车、抢夺、抢劫、入室盗窃等可防性主要刑事案件研判的基础上,进行了社区监控系统的需求分析。     

全球化背景下中国特色社会主义道路选择的世界意义

中国特色社会主义道路是在全球化进程中形成和发展起来的,目的是使中国在社会主义基础上实现现代化。这条道路的选择具有重要的世界意义:它为广大发展中国家提供了一种有别于西方的发展模式,为社会主义国家巩固、建设和发展社会主义提供了成功的范例,同时还向人类表明:社会主义是必由之路、社会主义优于资本主义,从而在国际共产主义运动处于低潮时期,展现了社会主义无限光明的前景。     

公务员对待廉政教育的政治态度的影响因素研究

本文运用理论分析、文献分析、访谈和开放式问卷等方法，搜集潜在的影响因素；基于两轮问卷调查，运用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析，确定了6类20项影响因素。在对结论进行分析的基础上尝试构建了影响因素模型。该模型显示，内部要素是公务员对待廉政教育的政治态度的根本影响因素，具体开展的廉政教育作为外在刺激是公务员对待廉政教育的政治态度形成的实践基础；身份特征、政治倾向等个人因素在此过程中发挥着内在作用，同时，这种作用还受他人态度和反腐形势等环境因素的影响。     

毒物分析方法的确认

本文综述了毒物检验方法确认的研究进展，并对评价指标进行了讨论，为今后开展相关工作打下了基础。     

简析会计文化建设的意义和路径

我们创造着文化，同时文化又塑造着我们。会计文化作为人类文化的一个分支，对它的研究是会计人员的责任，它与许多行业密切相关，相互促进。探讨会计文化既可以提高我们对会计文化的认识、寻找会计文化的建设途径，也可以为会计文化的发展注入新的生机和活力。与此同时，研究会计文化又可以为繁荣中国特色社会主义文化添砖加瓦，推动中国特色社会主义文化的大发展、大繁荣。     

Crucial Factors in Implementing Radical Policy Change: A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Nordic Central Agency Relocation Programs

Abstract

Why do public policies succeed or fail? The aim of this article is to contribute to answering this enduring research question in policy research through a comparative study of the variable efforts by Nordic governments to relocate their central agencies from the capital regions over a period of several decades. This was a radical redistributive policy program premised on a policy instrument – coercion – which was very alien to political systems characterized as consensual democracies. Hence, it is no surprise that only two out of seven relocation programs of any substance were successful. The really intriguing research question here is how any relocation program was achievable at all in a policy context where this was very unlikely. A broadly based multi-theoretical analytical framework linking interest groups, institutions, human agency in the form of policy entrepreneurship/design and situational factors is employed to solve this research puzzle. Findings from this study offer important contributions to the following research fields: comparative public policy, radical policy change and most specifically the so-called third generation of public policy implementation research.     

Essential medicolegal death investigation services: standardization of a survey instrument based on the Essential Public Health Services

The National Academy of Sciences recommends that states assess the performance of medicolegal death investigation agencies. To aid in performance assessment, we adapted an instrument based on the CDC's 10 Essential Public Health Services by translating the terminology to that of essential medicolegal death investigation services. This produced a survey that could be used to standardize reporting practices and services of agencies. To validate the instrument, a stratified random sample of 12 death investigation chiefs in 12 states was interviewed. This sample represented both medical examiner and coroner jurisdictions within the varying medicolegal structures. A cognitive testing process elicited how well participants could respond to and interpret the survey questions. The response was favorable in that the respondents agreed that given specific revisions toward question clarification, the instrument would be a useful and relevant tool for assessing system performance.