正交试验法优选复方白芍颗粒提取工艺

目的 优选复方白芍颗粒的最佳提取工艺。方法 以干膏得率和白芍活性成分芍药苷的提取率为评价指标，采用正交设计法考察溶剂用量、提取时间以及提取次数对提取结果的影响，确定最佳提取工艺。结果 最佳提取工艺参数为：加10倍量水，提取2次，每次提取1 h。结论 优选的提取工艺切实可行，为复方白芍颗粒制剂的研究奠定基础。     

A second chance elsewhere. Estimating the effect of winning (vs. being the runner-up) on future electoral prospects

The effect of being the winner (vs. being the runner-up) on winning subsequent elections has been estimated across a series of countries using regression discontinuity design. We contribute to this literature by incorporating politicians who move across constituencies. The US and the UK are our case studies. UK–US differences are not apparent when comparing estimates of the individual incumbency advantage, i.e., winning the same office in the same constituency. UK–US differences in the career advantage of winning office are almost entirely driven by the ability of the UK’s close-race runners-up to win elsewhere subsequently. Runners-up are more likely to move to safer seats. Marginal winners become locked-in to their seat. In the US, we observe negligible movement across constituencies.     

Changes in the Rules of the Lawmaking Process and the Success of Presidential Bills: Chile, 1990–2018

This article assesses the effect of changes in the lawmaking process on the success of the president’s legislative agenda, distinguishing between within-term success (bills that passed during the term) and overall success (including bills that passed after the president left office). With the 2064 presidential bills introduced in seven terms (1990–2018) in Chile’s presidential system, we assess the impact of changes in lawmaking rules on within-term (59.9%) and overall success (70.6%). Changes that decrease attributions of the president and create more opportunities for executive-legislative bargaining—including concurrent elections—increase the chances of success of presidential bills. The use of presidential urgency motions, an agenda-setting tool, makes bills more likely to pass, but the issuance of many urgency motions undermines the bill’s chances to succeed. Presidential bills introduced early in the term and those on issues where there is more policy convergence are more likely to pass.     

小儿智力咀嚼片提取工艺研究

目的优选小儿智力咀嚼片的最佳提取工艺。方法以远志酸的含量为指标,利用正交设计法考察溶剂种类、溶剂用量、提取时间以及提取次数对实验的影响,确定最佳提取工艺参数。结果最佳提取工艺参数为:以60%乙醇为溶剂,加10倍量,提取0.5 h,提取2次。结论该工艺可用于小儿智力咀嚼片的提取。     

正交试验法优选桔梗非药用部位多糖的提取工艺

目的 优选桔梗非药用部位多糖的最佳提取工艺。方法 以桔梗多糖得率为指标，采用正交设计法考察料液比、浸提次数、浸提时间对提取工艺的影响，以确定最佳提取工艺。结果 最佳提取工艺参数为：加25倍量水，提取3次，每次1 h。 结论 优选的提取工艺稳定、可行。