The autocratic mandate: elections,legitimacy and regime stability in Singapore

This paper explains how authoritarian regimes employ flawed elections to obtain both short-term legitimacy and long-term stability. In conjunction with the use of co-optation and repression, it argues that ruling parties hold de jure competitive elections to claim what is termed autonomous legitimation. This denotes the feigning of conformity to the established rules of the constitution and the shared beliefs of citizens. Regardless of overall turnout and support, ruling parties exploit the normative and symbolic value of elections in order to establish moral grounds for compliance within a dominant-subordinate relationship. In support of this argument, the case of Singapore's People's Action Party (PAP) is analysed in historical and contemporary terms. Since 1959, the PAP has used precisely timed elections to extract one or more mandate types from citizens and, by extension, claim legitimacy. In particular, it has sort a mandate based on its response to an event, execution of a policy and/or collection of a reward. In the long run, autocratic stability has been achieved through a process of reciprocal reinforcement, which has combined autonomous legitimation with targeted co-optation and low intensity coercion. The paper concludes by addressing the generalisability of this finding for other authoritarian regimes in Southeast Asia.     

Looking beyond the economy: Pussy Riot and the Kremlin's voting coalition

The arrest of the protest punk band Pussy Riot (PR) in March 2012 and the subsequent prosecution of three band members pose a significant puzzle for political science. Although PR's performances presented a coherent alternative to the Putin regime's image of Russian reality, it was unlikely that the discordant music and crude lyrics of their art protest would inspire Russian society to take to the streets. Yet, the regime mounted a very visible prosecution against the three young women. We argue that the trial marked a shift in the Kremlin's strategy to shape state–society relations. In the face of declining economic conditions and social unrest, the PR trial encapsulated the Kremlin's renewed focus on three related mechanisms to insure social support: coercion, alliance building, and symbolic politics. The PR trial afforded the Kremlin an important opportunity to simultaneously redefine its loyal constituency, secure the Church–state relationship, and stigmatize the opposition.     

“星链”军事化发展及其对全球战略稳定性的影响

美国推进“星链”军事化发展,使得外空安全和全球战略稳定面临严峻挑战,必须对其潜在风险进行提前研判和评估。较之传统外空装备,“星链”具有多维一体的战场网络覆盖能力、延伸全杀伤链的集成性功能以及面向实战化的信息作战优势,将对全球战略稳定格局带来三大冲击：一是冲击首攻稳定性,“星链”既强化了美国先发制人的战略突袭能力,又弥补了军用太空资产固有的脆弱性,提升了美国太空攻防的整体能力;二是冲击危机稳定性,“星链”会加剧外层空间爆发“意外战争”的风险,同时,针对“星链”的制衡与反制措施可能造成外空危机的快速升级,并由战略领域向常规领域扩散;三是冲击军备竞赛稳定性,“星链”具有攻防一体和军民两用属性,可能加剧军备发展的“安全困境”,引发技术扩散和军备竞赛风险。“星链”技术系统的不透明性和不可预测性,导致有关军备控制的信心建立措施难以施行。应对“星链”军事化发展对于全球战略稳定的挑战,必须吸纳涵盖商业部门在内的多元化安全治理主体,构建核、外空、网络和人工智能等多域联动的安全治理机制,推动面向未来的可持续安全治理。     

自制海洛因标准品在常用有机溶剂中稳定性研究

目的 研发海洛因标准品及优化分析方法,以对云南缴获海洛因样本提纯制备成的自制海洛因对照品在常用有机溶剂中的稳定性进一步研究.方法 采用内标及GC、GC/MS方法,通过对提纯制备的海洛因在5种有机溶剂中冷藏保存后含量的变化,观察海洛因在常用有机溶剂中的稳定性.结果 乙醇、三氯甲烷及乙腈为溶剂的自制海洛因对照品储备液,保存30天时间范围内海洛因含量未发生明显变化;以丙酮作为溶剂的自制海洛因对照品储备液,在7至30天时间范围内,海洛因含量明显升高;以甲醇作为溶剂的自制海洛因对照品储备液,在0小时至30天时间范围内,海洛因含量一直呈明显的下降趋势.结论 乙醇、三氯甲烷及乙腈可以作为海洛因样品储备液溶剂使用,丙酮、甲醇不适合作为海洛因样品储备液溶剂使用.     

新疆南疆阿克陶县社会稳定的调查与思考

新疆南疆社会安全稳定关系新疆、西北乃至全国稳定。阿克陶县作为新疆南疆重镇,有着特殊的地理位置、较为复杂的社情。该县在宗教事务管理、基层组织建设、基层社会管理方面取得了一定的成效,但从当前反分裂斗争的复杂性和尖锐性来看,境内外"三股势力"竭尽全力煽动群众进行各种破坏活动,极端宗教和民族分裂势力的渗透也愈加严重,抵御意识形态领域渗透的任务严峻。需要通过加强边境管理、强化对可疑人员的甄别、核查力度,强化意识形态领域的反分裂斗争,加强推进基层组织建设等方面筑牢社会稳定基础。     

减少“三类犯罪案件” 稳定社会治安大局

命案、黑社会性质组织犯罪和流氓恶势力犯罪（简称“三类犯罪案件”），严重影响社会稳定和治安大局。减少“三类犯罪案件”在理论上具有必要性，在实践上具有可行性，主要措施是：把握三大要素，实现多层面预防；紧扣三个环节，实现全过程预防；强化三种职能，实现全方位预防。     

论法律的安定性

法律安定性不仅是法律自身的逻辑自恰性、连续性和体系化,更应该从法律与社会生活的适应关系中去理解。法律须被明确规定、实用而且保持相对不变,否则,法律平等、合目的性将无法实现。在转型社会法律安定性是在应对法律移植与本土资源、法律与方法和法外空间等紧张关系中实现的。     

论文化矛盾与社会稳定的关系

文化矛盾是指社会思想文化领域内和人们的精神世界中的矛盾和冲突,它本质上是社会物质利益矛盾的反映,但又具有自身的相对独立性,通常表现为人们的信仰、思维、观念、意识、心理、情感等方面的一系列矛盾和冲突。文化矛盾和文化冲突是影响社会稳定的一个特殊而关键的因素,是引起社会动荡的内在诱因。全球化进程中的文化冲突和我国社会转型时期的文化矛盾,已对我国社会稳定和国家安全构成不容忽视的影响。化解文化矛盾,必须提高领导和工作艺术,正确处理实践运作中的一些重大关系。     

从一起行政案件看信赖保护原则

《行政许可法》第一次通过立法明确了信赖保护原则,必将对我国政府的执法理念、执法方式以及行政相对人合法权益的保护带来深刻的影响。     

The Structure and Stability of Externalizing and Internalizing Problem Behavior During Early Adolescence

The first aim of this study was to examine the structure of externalizing and internalizing problem behavior during early adolescence. Our second aim was to determine the stability of these problems for boys and for girls over time. A total of 650, 13–14-year-olds filled out (an expanded version of) the Youth Self-Report [YSR; Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 Profile. Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington] 2 times with a 1-year interval. By using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to test a series of competing models, a hierarchical model provided the best representation of the structure of problem behavior at both Time 1 and Time 2: externalizing and internalizing problem behavior represent distinct aspects but the model also demonstrates the existence of comorbidity at a higher level. This model appeared to be stable over time for both boys and girls. The relative stability of problem behavior was found to be high for boys and girls. Absolute stability for both externalizing and internalizing problems appeared to be higher for boys scoring in the lower range of problem behavior. Senior Researcher, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Received PhD in social sciences, University of Amsterdam. Major research interests include problem behavior, family relations, and peer relations during adolescence. Full Professor, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. Received PhD in social sciences: child and family studies, from University of Nijmegen. Major research interests include adolescent social development, problem behavior, and family relations during adolescence. Assistant Professor, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Received PhD in psychology, University of Amsterdam. Major research interests include family influence on childhood illness and problem behavior.