The Relationship between Ombudsman, Government, and Citizens: A Survey Analysis

Since the 1960s, ombudsmanship has become increasingly popular. Although there is a great deal of literature on ombudsmen, existing research rarely focuses on the people who actually use the ombudsman's services. This article examines those who seek the help of ombudsmen in Belgium, and asks whether ombudsmen's intervention has a noticeable effect on citizens' confidence in government and public administration. Based on three surveys of 626 complainants, our analysis suggests that we should not see the ombudsman in Belgium as merely an instrument to help citizens but that they can also function as "change agents" and provide early warnings of problems in public administration. The role of ombudsmen in directly strengthening trust in government is limited at best. Furthermore, it seems that the profile of ombudsman complainants is skewed; our findings indicate that the socially disadvantaged are less likely to use the institution.     

社会背景下青少年对沟通渠道的选择

用来支持和维系现有社会关系的在线交流越来越多地融入到人们的日常生活中。文章研究调查了与偏爱当面交流、电话通讯和在线交流相关的因素。对强调关系来源、关系亲密程度和沟通内容会影响青少年选择何种沟通渠道的背景框架进行了实证检验。     

辽宁省治安调解情况调查

辽宁省近三年治安调解实践的调查情况表明，因民间纠纷引发的社会矛盾纠纷呈现出与社会变迁相关的新特点，与之相对应，治安调解已经成为治安案件查处和平息纠纷、化解矛盾的主要方式。但是，无论立法还是执法实践，治安调解在公安基础工作方面的重要性与其得到的重视程度显然极不相称，且显现立法和实践断裂的现象。在此基础上，针对相关问题，本文在立法和执法两个环节提出了相应的解决措施。     

高职院校学生思想特点与主体意识情况的调查报告

调查涉及高职院校学生的专业思想、学习动力、课余闲暇、心理情绪、交往恋爱、价值观念等多个方面，从不同的角度来考察高职学生思想特点与主体意识情况。调查结果显示，高职院校的学生具有自主意识较强，思考问题更注重实际；注重个人内在心理体验与满足，有较强的自我意识；与人沟通观念正确，合作意识比较强；注重个人能力，正向的价值取向；自主意识较强与自主能力缺乏等特点。这些特点具有主导性与相对性，是高职院校开展学生思想政治教育的前提与基础。     

论有限责任公司的性质及立法趋向

有限责任公司是一种在经济与法律生活中均扮演重要角色的公司形态,但在我国有限责任公司的研究却未受到应有的重视。在修改有限公司法时,应把握历史与现状,正确理解有限责任公司的性质;凸显有限公司资合性本质,保护利害关系人合法权益,同时应关注其人合性色彩,尊重股东自由意志,以推动中小企业迅速发展。     

中小企业的虚拟组织运作策略

新经济时代组织环境的变革和中小企业自身发展的特点决定了虚拟组织运作是这一时代中小企业发展的理想选择。中小企业实施虚拟组织运作可以带来市场效应、规模经济效应、技术创新效应、成本风险效应和学习效应。虚拟组织运作是一项系统工程，一般包括市场机遇确定、业务虚拟分析、虚拟组织构建、虚拟组织运作以及虚拟运作总结五个阶段。加快中小企业虚拟组织运作必须更新企业经营理念、培养企业核心能力、再造企业业务流程、加强基础设施建设，从而构筑中小企业虚拟组织运作的环境条件。     

大学生社团参与的调查与研究

为了更好地做好高校社团工作,文章以宁波某高校的大学生为样本进行了问卷调查,在分析大学生参与社团的情况、大学生加入社团和退出社团的原因的基础上,对今后高校社团建设提出相应的对策。     

虚拟技术:新的认识中介

虚拟技术的出现二重化了现实世界,使其分化为真实的现实世界和虚拟的现实世界,与之相适应,现实世界的主、客体及其关系也被二重化了。然而,虚拟世界无非是对真实世界的虚拟化,虚拟世界中的主、客体及其关系无非是真实世界中的主、客体及其关系在虚拟世界中的延伸。     

Exploring the Justice of Punishments: Framing, Expressiveness, and the Just Prison Sentence

This paper examines views about the justice of punishments for offenders convicted of five major types of offenses—drug, violent, corporate, property, and victimless crimes. We focus on the just punishment and the just dispersion in the punishment distribution, together with observers' framing and expressiveness; and we test for interrespondent differences. Data are drawn from six U.S. samples interviewed in 1982, a probability sample of the adult population of a major city and samples of five special groups, prison inmates, police officers, law-school and high-school students, and Job Corps trainees. Respondents' judgments were obtained using Rossi's factorial survey method. Fictitious offenders were constructed by randomly combining offender, offense, and victim characteristics; and respondents used a line-matching technique to rate the justice of punishments randomly assigned to fictitious offenders. Analysis is guided by the framework for empirical justice analysis, which provides an integrated set of procedures for estimation and testing. Results indicate that respondents in all samples save one disagree with each other on the just punishment; and the six samples yield four distinct average orderings of just prison sentences. However, large majorities in all six samples find the dispersion in the punishments experimentally put into the vignette world to be too small relative to the just dispersion. More broadly, comparing the results obtained here from the probability sample of a major city with results from a comparable study on the justice of earnings, we find two interesting symmetries—approximately 1% of the general population is contrarian, regarding earnings as a bad and time in prison as a good; and approximately 92% to 94% of the population regard earnings inequality as too high and prison-time inequality as too low. Finally, this study provides additional evidence that the general population in the United States exhibits independence of mind informing their ideas about what constitutes the just earnings and the just punishment.     

A survey of glass fragments recovered from clothing of persons suspected of involvement in crime

The refractive indices (RI) of over 2000 glass fragments recovered from items of clothing submitted to the Birmingham and Wetherby Home Office forensic science laboratories in connection with crimes involving broken glass have been measured. The glass fragments have been classified according to their location on the clothing, and a grouping algorithm has been applied to the data.The refractive index distribution was found to be dependent on the location of the glass on the clothing. The significance of the results in the interpretation of glass evidence is discussed.