敌人刑法:一个反击恐怖犯罪的新视角

敌人刑法是雅科布斯提出的针对某些特殊危险犯罪的新理论。敌人刑法与市民刑法相对,它以规范适用论为基础,主张对从根本和原则上破坏社会秩序的人视为"敌人",对该类人员应当予以实施特别处遇。敌人刑法理论与政治斗争无关,并不违反法治国原则。在新的历史条件下,敌人刑法理论为我国乃至全世界的反恐斗争提供了理论支撑,具有重要的借鉴意义。     

“东突”恐怖势力的现状及打击对策

"东突"恐怖势力目前主要有欧美、中亚、中东三个活动中心,迄今并没有产生一个真正的领导核心.打击"东突"恐怖犯罪势力应与国际反恐怖力量相配合,从境内、境外两个方面加强打击力度,同时要在意识形态领域加强对"东突"的打击.     

“东突”的由来及其恐怖组织的主要罪行

中国长期以来饱受"东突"恐怖势力的危害,特别是自20世纪90年代以来,"东突"恐怖势力勾结国际恐怖主义组织,在我国新疆及有关国家和地区策划、组织了一系列恐怖暴力事件,严重危害了中国各族人民群众的生命财产安全和社会稳定,并对有关国家和地区的安全与稳定构成了严重威胁.文章着重介绍了"东突"的由来及其近年来在我国境内外制造的一系列主要恐怖事件,揭露了"东突"作为国际暴力恐怖组织的邪恶本质.     

论恐怖组织及其侦查防范

当今世界,恐怖活动越来越频繁,严重威胁着人们生命财产安全和国家安全。我国“东突”恐怖分子在国际恐怖组织的影响下也日渐嚣张。因此,侦查部门必须采取各种手段,侦查和防范恐怖犯罪活动。     

恐怖主义犯罪及我国刑法体系的完善

恐怖主义犯罪对世界的和平和安全构成了严重的威胁 ,面对反恐斗争的严峻形势 ,我们应认清恐怖主义犯罪的本质 ,明确恐怖主义犯罪的特征 ,完善刑事立法执法体系 ,有效打击恐怖主义犯罪。     

论恐怖主义案件的初步侦查

恐怖主义案件是一种特殊的刑事案件。本文在分析国内外侦破恐怖主义案件的基础上,从刑事案件构成这个视角出发来审视恐怖主义案件,归纳总结出在恐怖主义案件侦查过程中的现场勘查和案情分析需要注意的若干问题。     

Terrorist attacks and Europeans’ attitudes towards immigrants: An experimental approach

Over the past several years an increasing number of terrorist attacks committed in the name of Islam and targeting civilians have taken place in many Western democracies, calling for more research on the impact of these exogenous events on citizens’ attitudes towards immigrants. Using a quasi-experimental design, this study examines the short-term effect of the Paris attacks of the night of 13 November 2015 on the attitudes towards European Union (EU) and non-EU immigrants across 28 EU countries. Employing Eurobarometer 84.3 survey data collected in 28 European countries between 7 and 17 November 2015, the design allows the testing of individual attitudes before and after the Paris attacks and the spillover effects of this event in all European countries. It is found that the Paris attacks had a significant negative effect on attitudes towards immigrants, especially among educated and left-wing individuals. Moreover, the negative effect was stronger in countries where the national political-ideological climate was more positive towards immigrants. These findings are explained by theorising that first emotional reactions to the attack are the results of coping mechanisms whereby individuals are confronted with disconfirmation/confirmation of their previous beliefs: individuals who experience stronger stereotype disconfirmation are the most negatively affected by the terrorist attack. Overall, the study holds important implications for understanding the short-term impact of terrorist attacks on public attitudes towards immigrants.     

国际人道法体系内创设恐怖犯罪罪名之提倡

自第一次世界大战结束至1977年两项日内瓦公约附加议定书的通过,武装冲突期间禁止恐怖活动的规则已由草案条款发展为了一项正式的国际人道法规则。不仅如此,《第一附加议定书》还将恐怖主义行为规定为第85(3)条中的"严重违反行为",从而暗含了战争罪之恐怖犯罪。但恐怖犯罪却没有被明示规定于任何普遍性的国际条约中,大多数部门反恐条约都排除适用于武装冲突期间。同时,恐怖犯罪向公众散布恐怖的特殊目的会造成长期恐惧的社会氛围,有着不同于一般犯罪的特别严重性。上述因素说明创设恐怖犯罪作为一项国际人道法的单独罪名具有国际法依据和现实紧迫性。恐怖犯罪与战争罪、危害人类罪之间的重合关系导致罪犯的同一行为可能同时构成其中的两项或三项犯罪,此时可根据"?elebi?i标准"判断这些犯罪之间是否互相存在具有实质性区别的要素,进而作出是否应累积定罪的决定。     

The Al Qaeda Brand: The Strategic Use of the “Terrorist” Label

Al Qaeda leaders have consistently praised the Chechen insurgents as an exemplary front of global jihad. Ayman al-Zawahiri recently applauded the steadfastness of the Chechen rebels and indicated that their resolve for jihad is worthy of emulation. Ever since the world found out about a war going on in the Muslim republic in the North Caucasus, Al Qaeda leadership has attempted to represent the Chechen struggle as one of its own battlefields. In turn, the Russian government has tried to justify its policies in the North Caucasus through demonstrating to the world that the Kremlin is fighting nothing less than Osama bin Laden’s agents in Chechnya. The North Caucasus insurgents in turn have embraced some of Al Qaeda’s narratives. While such narratives have proliferated, the factual evidence to show the direct links between the North Caucasus insurgents and Al Qaeda is still lacking. The article examines how terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda use framing for strategic ends. The evidence discussed here suggests that Al Qaeda, the North Caucasus insurgents, and the Russian government have adopted similar narratives. However, the lack of evidence to back up such narratives indicates the differences in reasons driving the convergence of the narratives.