诉讼证据认定标准之我见——从客观事实与法律事实关系谈起

在司法实践中,以“客观事实”还是“法律事实”作为认定证据的标准,一直存在着模糊的认识,实践中许多法官把“客观事实”作为裁判依据,这不符合司法的基本原理。用“法律事实”作为裁判依据不但能充分利用有限的审判资源,及时地审结案件,使当事人的合法权利得到保护,同时也限制了法官在审理案件过程中的“自由裁量权”,对防止错案的发生有一定的积极作用。     

“实事求是”是邓小平理论的基石

邓小平将马克思主义实践观精辟地概括为“实事求是”,并且作了深刻的阐述。邓小平理论就是坚持实事求是思想路线 ,反对本本主义和个人迷信 ,认真总结历史经验 ,在不断研究新情况、解决新问题中逐渐形成的。学习邓小平理论 ,应该用实事求是的方法研究各自领域的具体问题 ,实现理论创新、制度创新。当前公安战线的一项基本理论建设 ,应该是在邓小平理论指导下构建具有中国特色的警政学。     

论刑事法上的“选择确定”

选择确定与罪疑唯轻、法条竞合、无罪推定有着本质的区别,选择确定的适用前提是罪名间具有法定的择一关系.选择确定规则的功能有两项:一是使裁判者在遵守罪刑法定的前提下根据刑法规范对犯罪事实进行充分评价;二是贯彻刑法保障刑事被告正当权益的功能.如果罪名间不具有犯罪阶层的包容关系,且当罪名间具有"法伦理上和心理上的可比较性"及"不法核心的同一性"时,裁判者有权根据选择确定理论作出有罪判决.选择确定规则在刑事程序法也具有重要意义,如果犯罪行为涉及罪名的构成要件间属选择确定关系,应当允许公诉方进行选择起诉.     

Homer蛋白的研究进展及法医学应用

Homer蛋白由Homer 1~3基因编码,属于新发现的突触后密度蛋白家族成员,其所有剪切变异体可分为长、短两种亚型,在调控兴奋性突触的结构和功能及细胞内信号转导中发挥关键作用。作为即早基因表达产物的短亚型Homer la,在癫痫、高频刺激及发育过程中可通过海马或皮层神经元的兴奋性突触活动,快速短暂地诱导其表达增加。大鼠弥漫性脑损伤后可诱导大脑皮层神经元Homer la表达动态上调。本文简述其结构、分布、功能、研究进展、存在问题及其在法医学上的应用。     

日本和意大利刑事庭审中的证据调查程序评析

日本和意大利都通过立法手段将刑事诉讼的构造从传统的职权主义转向了当事人主义 ,但同时又保留了一些传统的原则和做法 ,由此在庭审的证据调查程序上形成了不同于职权主义或当事人主义的鲜明特点 ,这些特点反映了两国对“实体真实”与“正当程序”两大诉讼理念的调和。日本和意大利的改革思路以及庭审证据调查的程序设计值得我国借鉴。     

假冒注册商标罪若干问题思考

文章研究了假冒注册商标罪中的几个疑难问题,并对本罪的立法完善提出两点建议。文章认为,假冒注册商标罪的罪过形式只有直接故意一种,“以营利为目的”不是成立本罪的必要条件;应以经营额而不是销售额或营利额作为“情节严重”是否严重的标准;本罪中的驰名商标既包括已注册商标也包括未注册的商标;应将情节严重的反向假冒行为和影射商标行为增加为本罪的罪状。     

Ossification of laryngeal structures as indicators of age

As the role of forensic anthropologists expands to the medical examiner setting, their expertise is being applied beyond the traditional dry skeletal material. In such scenarios radiographic techniques can be applied when maceration is not appropriate. This study explores the use of radiographic analysis of laryngeal structures for age-at-death determination. Isolated human laryngeal structures (n = 104) from individuals between the ages of 15 and 89 were removed at autopsy and radiographically examined. The cricoid and individual regions of the thyroid cartilage were scored according to degree of ossification, and the relationship between age and degree of ossification statistically examined. A previously published study on age-determination from thyroid ossification by Cerny was assessed for accuracy. The results of the study indicate that although a consistent sequence in the ossification of laryngeal structures exists, variations in timing does not permit narrow age range estimates. Consequently the method presented by Cerny is inaccurate and should not be used in the forensic setting.     

Age-at-death estimation based on the study of frontosphenoidal sutures

Determination of age at the time of death based on the observation of cranial sutures has led to numerous studies with sometimes contradictory results. The initial hypothesis being that suture closure is part of an age-related physiological process, the conflicting results have been interpreted by various authors as secondary to the choice of sutures, under the co-existing influence of pathological factors or genetic factors, or even independent of age. Despite these differences, macroscopic methods remain much used in anthropology and in forensic medicine. In our work, we evaluated the value of the degree of closure of the frontosphenoidal suture in estimating age at death of mature subjects, with the secondary objective of establishing a linear regression which could be used in routine practice. The study concerned bone specimens from individuals whose age, sex and medical history were known. Macroscopic observation was carried out on the ectocranial and endocranial sides according to four stages of closure previously defined. 290 sutures were taken from a population of whom two-thirds were men. The method can be repeated and reproduced and the regression established shows the confidence range for average error to be +/-1.5 years. While this result is of interest in terms of precision in prediction for a group of people, the prediction range is too great (+/-23 years) to be applicable to a single individual as part of a forensic procedure.     

Age estimation in children by measurement of carpals and epiphyses of radius and ulna and open apices in teeth: a pilot study

Estimation of skeletal age using radiographic images is widely used in assessing biological growth in clinical and auxological studies. The most frequently used areas for age estimation in children and adolescents are tooth and wrist/hand, both giving good results with only a low level of radiation. This pilot study of a sample of 150 Italian children and adolescents aged between 5 and 15 years focused on analyzing the possible applications of the proportion of carpal area (Ca) and teeth mineralization as a criterion of age estimation. The regression model, describing age as a linear function of gender (g), the ratio between carpal bones area and carpal area (Bo/Ca) and the measurement of open apices, yielded the following equation [Formula in text]. The model explained 93% of the total variance (R(2)=0.93), the median of the absolute values of residuals (observed age minus predicted age) was 0.465 years, with an inter-quartile range (IQR) equalling 0.529 years, and a standard error of estimate of 0.73 years.     

创道的超声检测及法医学意义

陈旧性创道长度的测定是法医学鉴定中的难点,长期以来没有得到应有的重视。随着高频二维超声和彩色多普勒成像技术的运用,目前已可以准确地定量创道的长度。通过两例损伤程度鉴定案例,并结合超声图像,说明超声检测在损伤程度鉴定中有重要的价值,可以为损伤程度的鉴定提供有价值的科学证据。