我国民事自认的非约束性及其修正

我国于2001年设立了以英美法为样板的自认制度,但其并非诉讼体制转向当事人主义的一环,而是法院提高诉讼效率、简化审理的手段之一。从立法规定和司法运作来看,我国法上的自认具有非约束性特征,具体表现为适用对象泛化、成立场域扩大化与拘束效力单向化。这不仅导致当事人在庭审中倾向于一概否认对方陈述,抑制了辩论的活性,自认的争点压缩机能也随之丧失殆尽。从法律移植的便宜性、亲缘性而言,完善自认制度应当借鉴大陆法系的相关经验,并以辩论主义为理论基础。在以争点为中心的新型两阶段审理模式中,自认应限于争点整理程序期日,并以主要事实和重要的间接事实为对象,同时注重当事人排除争点的意思要素,以保障当事人自由主张和辩论。     

论机关运行保障计划的法治化

机关运行保障计划是保障各级党政机关依法高效运行、建设节约型机关的重要行政手段,应当将保障计划纳入到机关运行保障立法中,为机关运行保障工作提供规范指引与制度支撑。厘清机关运行保障计划及其法治化的内涵,运用法治思维和法治方式探索机关运行保障计划法治化的实现路径:夯实机关运行保障计划法治化的核心要素,建立健全科学合理的保障计划确定程序以及合法灵活的保障计划调适程序。     

理性与诗性之间：教育对真善姜的追求

一直以来,教育问题始终如一的作为社会热点问题被社会各界所关注,教育的兴衰作为维系整个社会发展的终极动力一如既往的为教育家、哲学家、政治家所重视。而如何实现教育的至善、至关、至真。一直作为一个哲学问题被众多哲理大师所探究．南京师范大学刘云林教授曾从教育伦理价值取向的两个维度。为我们研究提供了新的视角。他说“教育伦理价值取向作为社会所设定的教育者行为之‘应然’。必须通过转化为新的‘实然’,即在社会生活中的实现方能体现自身的价值意义。在这里刘教授所论及的不外乎教育者在教育活动中所参与及其受教育者的实践活动。即实现这种‘应然’与‘实然’的桥梁。     

A test of the differential accuracy of the maxillary versus the mandibular dentition in age estimations of immature skeletal remains based on developing tooth length

Liversidge and colleagues developed a method for predicting the age of immature skeletal remains based on the length of developing teeth. This quantitative method combines dental data from both jaws, except for the permanent lateral incisor, and because there are reasons to suspect that these two types of data are not identical and should not be combined, it raises concerns regarding the accuracy of the technique when applied differently to each jaw. In this study, the differential accuracy of the method was test when applied to the maxillary and mandibular dentition. The test sample is comprised of 57 Portuguese subadult skeletons of known age at death. Results suggest an overall high consistency between estimates obtained from both jaws, but for the permanent dentition only. In the deciduous dentition the age estimates obtained from the maxillary teeth tend to be greater than the age estimates obtained from the mandibular pair, and the differences are significant for the incisors and canine. Additionally, ages obtained from the maxillary deciduous canine also differ significantly from true chronological age. In the permanent dentition there were no differences between the ages provided by both jaws but both the maxillary and mandibular second molars show a significant tendency to underestimate true chronological age. Although this study cannot validate completely the method presented by Liversidge and colleagues, it does provide an important test to its accuracy and calls for further research into its overall performance, particularly with respect to the results obtained from both jaws.     

Univariate sex dimorphism in the Nepalese dentition and the use of discriminant functions in gender assessment

Sex dimorphism in the Nepalese dentition is described using univariate and discriminant analyses. Canines showed the greatest univariate sex dimorphism, followed by the buccolingual (BL) dimension of maxillary first and second molars. Overall, the maxillary teeth and BL dimensions showed greater univariate sex differences. However, less than half of the measured variables (46.4%) showed statistically significant differences between the sexes and the magnitude of sex dimorphism was reduced when compared to other populations. Moreover, reverse dimorphism--where females showed larger teeth than males--was observed in the mesiodistal dimension of mandibular second premolars. This reflects reduction in sexual dimorphism observed through human evolution and the consequent overlap of tooth dimensions in modern males and females. A specific purpose of the study was to develop discriminant functions to facilitate sex classification. A group of functions were developed considering the possibility of missing teeth and/or jaws in forensic scenarios. The functions permitted moderate to high classification accuracy in sexing (67.9% using maxillary posterior teeth; 92.5% using teeth from both jaws). The superior expression of sex dimorphism by means of discriminant functions is in contrast to the univariate results. This is due to discriminant analysis utilising the inter-relationship between all teeth within a dentition--these tooth correlations are not utilised in univariate analysis which results in a loss of information. It is inferred that large-scale statistically significant univariate differences are not a prerequisite for sex assessment.     

A molecular genetic approach for species identification of mammals and sex determination of birds in a forensic case of poaching from South Korea

DNA-based analysis was performed using partial mitochondrial cytochrome b genes of five mammalian specimens and Chromo-Helicase-DNA-binding (CHD) genes of five pheasants to determine whether specimens were from illegally hunted animals. Mammalian specimens were identified as being those of horse, roe deer, and cow through gene amplification using cytb981f and cytb981r primer set and sequencing. CHD genes were revealed to be those of three male and two female pheasants through polymerase chain reaction amplification. Because hunting of roe deers and female pheasants is prohibited in Korea, these results provided forensic evidences of illegal wild animal hunting.     

头颅CT片性别的识别

目的 通过头颅CT片研究性别识别的方法.方法 在头颅CT片测量头颅多项指标,应用各个指标进行二分类logistic回归分析建立性别判定方程. 结果应用颧弓间距指标可以建立一元方程:Z=-69.051 0.521X1,p=1/1 e-z.应用多项指标可以建立多元方程:Z=-115.873 0.585X1 0.119X4 0.254X7 0.229X8 0.101X6,P=1/1 e-z.结论 根据头颅CT片进行性别判定时,最好是测量多项指标.在指标不全时,就只需测量颧弓间距,也可以有较好的判别效果.     

大鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中泛素的表达及其法医学意义

目的观察大鼠皮肤切创后泛素(ubiquitin)表达的变化规律。方法应用免疫组化方法,观察大鼠皮肤切创后1、3、6、12h和1、3、6、10、14d ubiquitin的表达情况,并用图像分析系统进行图像分析。结果正常对照组大鼠皮肤有低水平ubiquitin表达,切创后ubiquitin表达增加,伤后6d达峰值,伤后10d开始下降,伤后14d恢复到正常水平。结论ubiquitin可作为法医学损伤时间推断的有效指标。     

程序性证明——一个证据法学不可缺失的概念

诉讼证明过程要符合程序正义,蕴涵程序正义理念的司法审查原则与程序性辩护的理论建构及其制度化最终要以程序性问题的证明为依托,现有的证明理论无力回应,证据法学理论也因此面临着困境。程序性证明是指在刑事诉讼过程中,控、辩一方或双方依法针对各自的程序性请求或程序性争议,在中立的裁判者面前展开的论证或说服活动。程序性证明的主体由控、辩、裁三方构成,各方主体中最为重要的分别是指控方中负责案件侦查的侦查人员、辩护方中的犯罪嫌疑人与裁判方中的侦查法官;程序性证明的对象是程序性请求的理由和程序性争议;程序性证明贯穿于刑事诉讼的整个过程;程序性证明的展开具有灵活性。程序性证明的提出,不仅有助于提升证据法学应有的理论品格,还有助于捍卫和发展"法律真实说"。     

实事求是证据制度理论之评析

学界有关实事求是证据制度讨论的争点可概括为"客观真实说"和"法律真实说"."客观真实说"对案件事实的"再现"提出了绝对化的要求,导致了追求客观真实与实现其他诉讼价值之间的冲突."法律真实说"从对辩证唯物主义认识论的全面理解出发,承认诉讼认识过程中认识主体和认识时空范围的有限性,是马克思主义认识论在证据制度中的真实反映.尊重实事求是原则,就是要求案件事实的认定应当以证据能够证明的事实为依据,证据的证明价值有多大就认定多大,既不夸大证据的证明力,也不缩小证据的证明力.