Living in the Past or Living in the Future? Analyzing Parties’ Platform Change In Between Elections,The Netherlands 1997–2014

Do parties change their platform in anticipation of electoral losses? Or do parties respond to experienced losses at the previous election? These questions relate to two mechanisms to align public opinion with party platforms: (1) rational anticipation, and (2) electoral performance. While extant work empirically tested, and found support for, the latter mechanism, the effect of rational anticipation has not been put to an empirical test yet. We contribute to the literature on party platform change by theorizing and assessing how party performance motivates parties to change their platform in-between elections. We built a new and unique dataset of >20,000 press releases issued by 15 Dutch national political parties that were in parliament between 1997 and 2014. Utilizing automated text analysis (topic modeling) to measure parties’ platform change, we show that electoral defeat motivates party platform change in-between elections. In line with existing findings, we demonstrate that parties are backward-looking.     

Marxism Beyond the Economy and Exploitation Beyond the Wage

Since its inception Marxism has largely operated with a narrow definition of the economy which closely resembles capitalism’s own, focusing on wage labor as the pre-eminent example of capitalist relations of labor. A century-long series of challenges from heterodox radical economists, including those based in feminism and anti-colonial theory, has yet to broaden this definition of capitalism, but the fading importance of wage labor and the advent of new forms of precarious labor relations may allow us to break the hold of restrictive ideas of the economy. A larger, more comprehensive concept of economics locates value production and material exploitation in many forms of labor in addition to waged work, and provides a theoretical platform for building solidarity among seemingly disparate movements and constituencies. Marxism can and must incorporate critiques if it is to have continuing relevance. In fact, Marx’s original understanding of capitalism included the concepts of primitive accumulation and the reproduction of labor power, allowing broader concepts of capitalist exploitation to be incorporated into the Marxist worldview. New insights into the essential nature of capitalism and new possibilities for organizing and change may emerge from this paradigm shift.     

New Changes in the International Situation and China's Strategic Choices

The international situation is evolving more impressively than it has at any time since the end of the Cold War.Globalization has been in decline.Nations are scrambling to gain greater influence.The international strategic pattern is being adjusted.Many countries have problems with public management,and are faced with a new array of social trends and increasingly popular movements.The world is entering a new era full of chaos and anxiety.Mankind once again faces significant trade-offs and choices in peace and conflict,development and recession,openness and isolation,liberalism and conservatism.China strives to advocate win-win cooperation and lead the trend of reform and opening to maintain a favorable external environment despite world chaos,and enhance status and institutional rights in the international system.China's 30 years of development was successful in the process of integrating into the existing international system;China is a participant as well as a builder of the international system,rather than a challenger or a subversive.In the future,with a constructive attitude,China will promote the international system in a more reasonable direction together with international partners,in order to better safeguard world peace and security,and promote sustainable development throughout the world.     

中国特色社会主义的再认识——从“五种社会形态说”的突破与创新谈起

"五种社会形态说"把马克思的相关论述不当地扩大了适用范围和理论外延,并作为理论公式被机械地套用。这样不仅无法解释大量历史现象,而且也造成了理论上的混乱。文明类型学说是对它的突破和创新:扩展了考察视野,转换了理论视角,变"单线发展"为"多线互动",纠正了传统社会发展理论机械论的倾向,使马克思主义关于社会形态和社会发展的理论更加符合实际,更加具有解释力。文明类型学说对于认识世界社会主义运动实践、特别是中国特色社会主义具有重要的理论意义。     

世界现代化语境下的中国特色社会主义发展道路

中国特色社会主义现代化发展道路,作为经济文化落后的东方大国从传统社会走向现代社会的路径选择,是数代中国人不断努力的结果,反映了中国共产党人对世界现代化潮流的自觉认识,对历史经验的科学总结,对当代中国国情的正确把握。不但实现了中国经济持续增长和社会的基本稳定,也为探索现代化发展道路的社会主义国家或后发国家提供了一种新的可供参考的发展范式,为人类文明发展道路作出了重要的贡献。     

解读文化外交:一种学理分析

文化外交是促进国家间、人民间相互理解与信任,构建和提升本国国际形象与软实力的一种有效外交形式。相互性、长期性和诚实性,构成文化外交的主要属性。文化外交源于文化关系而“高”过之;突出双向交流与相互沟通,而异于公共外交那种单向信息输出和强行价值灌输的特征。学术界对它的关注和研究在不断升温,但其理论体系的建构和实际地位的确定仍需不断深化。对文化外交的解读,旨在警惕文化外交冷战模式的再现,尽力使之回归本质,为推动国家之间、人民之间的相互理解和信任而用,为建构一个和谐的世界而用。     

论意识王国基础性事实

羁人意识总是在表现着对人显现着的实在性,此即意识王国的基础性事实,也是哲学研究的原始起点。“意识是实在性的反映”与“实在性的反映是意识”是意识王国基础性事实两端各为主体自身的反思规定性,是其两端联结的不同反思形式。哲学基本问题,便是意识王国基础性事实两端的相关性,而实在性是否可知的问题既是哲学基本问题内涵的真谛所在,同时也是意识王国基础性事实的基本问题。本体论、认识论和价值论,构成意识王国基础性事实的三个意识形式,是它的整个逻辑内容所是。哲学一般的完美整体．是哲学本体论、哲学认识论、哲学价值论三的内在统一,是意识王国基础性事实与其逻辑内容所是的内在统一。意识三国基础性事实．是贯通哲学整个逻辑内容的内在基石。     

明末至晚清世界地图在中国的传播和影响

世界地图在明清时期传播并成为中国人常识观念的一部分,经历了一个曲折的过程。其中的一个重要原因是文化心态上的认知障碍:历史上中国人一方面与异域的交往和对外部世界的了解不断扩展,同时却固守"华夏中心"的观念,认为自己不仅在诗书礼仪方面,而且在地理方位上也居于地球("天下")的中心。真正使中国人接受世界地图的,不是西方知识的传播,而是其枪炮。以传统天下观解体为契机,知识结构转换引发的价值危机构成了中国文化重建的历史起点。     

试析古代中国的天下观

“天下观”是古代中国思想界利用空间概念建构出的一套世界秩序观。它具有鲜明的人文和政治含义,既体现了“天下一家”的高级旨趣,又显示了森严的尊卑等级特征。作为产生于古代的、区域性的世界秩序观,对于改造当代民族国家体系虽有借鉴意义,但缺乏实际的可行性。     

市场社会主义和社会资本主义

根据当代社会主义和资本主义的发展现状,应从历史唯物主义的层面抽象出“市场社会主义”和“社会资本主义”这两个科学社会主义的新范畴,以反映客观现实并指导我们正确地观察当代世界,观察当代中国。