The rise and fall and rise of populism in Venezuela

The article seeks to outline the main elements through which a populist political order was built in Venezuela. It will be done, first by looking at the golden years a of Venezuelan populism (1945–1948). It will be argued that the constitution of populist politics meant: an appeal to the people, the articulation of new social relations and constitution of new political identities. Then it will turn to the latter Pérez and Caldera showing the basic schemes of their governments. They sought to reconstitute politics and reshape political identities in a new populist way. The arrival of Chávez at power and the first months of his government are also analysed.     

On the Progress of Women/Gender Studies in China from the Collection of Women＇s Studies ——Analysis of the Changes in the Columns, Themes and Contents ill the Past 20 Years

本文对《妇女研究论丛》创刊20年来的栏目变化、刊文情况以及主题与内容进行分析,探讨中国妇女/性别研究进展。结论认为,中国妇女/性别研究经历了由浅入深、不断走向成熟的过程,学术性和实践价值都在不断增强。但仍需进一步加强妇女/性别研究的理论创新,加强有关妇女发展和性别平等的重大现实问题研究,加强妇女发展与性别平等法律与政策研究,促进中国妇女/性别学科建设。     

村民介入公共产品供给的实践逻辑——对江苏Y市某村修路活动的过程／事件分析

近10年来,伴随着我国乡村社会的全面转型,某些区域的村民通过集体行动介入当地农村公共产品供给的现象时有发生。奥尔森“集体行动的逻辑”以及公共选择理论均对集体行动的达成机理做出了解释。然而,发生在中国农村的集体行动,其达成还具有自身独特的实践逻辑。本文以江苏某村修路事件为个案,采用和借鉴“过程／事件”分析法,在关注、描述和分析事件及其过程的基础上,对其中的逻辑进行动态的解释;同时,以参与式观察和非结构访谈的方式,发掘乡村精英入主村落治理的可能性,村民在日常生活中对家族、村落等传统因素的认知,尤其是这些传统因素及村落舆论对村民造成群体性压力的程度。最后,文章试图通过深入探讨村民集体行动中的个体行为逻辑和心理反应,并从可能性及制约因素角度简要概括该地区村民介入公共产品供给的实践逻辑,以此呈现我国转型期村落治理的本土资源。     

School Engagement Among Urban Adolescents of Color: Does Perception of Social Support and Neighborhood Safety Really Matter?

In this study we examined the effects of risk factors (perceived neighborhood crime/delinquency problems, neighborhood incivilities) and protective factors (teacher support, family support, peer support) on the school engagement of 123 urban adolescents of color. Age and gender were also examined to determine if different ages (younger or older) or genders (male or female) significantly modified the relationship between the risk factors and school engagement. Results indicated that perceived neighborhood incivilities was uniquely predictive of school engagement. Contrary to hypotheses, different levels of the perceived social support variables did not modify the effects of risky neighborhood conditions on adolescent’s perceived school engagement. Age, but not gender, significantly modified the relationship between perceived family social support and perceived neighborhood crime on adolescents’ reported levels of school engagement. The implications of the results for prevention and intervention programs that address school engagement among early adolescents of color are considered.

Further Evidence of an Engagement–Achievement Paradox Among U.S. High School Students

Achievement, engagement, and students’ quality of experience were compared by racial and ethnic group in a sample of students (N = 586) drawn from 13 high schools with diverse ethnic and socioeconomic student populations. Using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), 3,529 samples of classroom experiences were analyzed along with self-reported grades. Similarities and differences in achievement, engagement, and quality of experience among white, black, Latino, and Asian students were examined. The most marked differences found were between black and white students. Consistent with several previous studies, an engagement–achievement paradox was found in which black students reported higher engagement, intrinsic motivation, and affect in classrooms, but lower GPA relative to white students. A similar engagement–achievement paradox was found for students from low SES communities compared to those from high SES communities. Analyses also revealed racial and ethnic differences in the relationship of engagement with on-task behavior and contextual factors. Being on-task when in classrooms had a more positive effect on the engagement of black students relative to white students. The contextual effect of being in school versus home or in public on engagement was also more positive for black students than white students. Contextual factors and measurement issues are emphasized in the interpretation of findings and suggestions for future research.

Longitudinal Effects of Perceived Maternal Approval on Sexual Behaviors of Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Young Adults

Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine the longitudinal association between Asian and Pacific Islander (API) adolescents’ perceptions of maternal approval of their sexual activity and contraception use, and four sexual outcomes during young adulthood. The study includes a nationally representative sample of 1,195 API adolescents. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations between predictors (Wave I) and outcomes (Wave III), controlling for covariates. API adolescents who perceived that their mothers approved of their sexual activities were more likely to have engaged in sex before age 15, contracted HIV/Sexually Transmitted Diseases, had multiple sex partners, and paid money for sex during young adulthood. Findings highlight the need for parent–adolescent communication and parental involvement in preventing negative sexual health outcomes among API adolescents transitioning to young adulthood.

电针联合丰富康复训练对局灶性脑缺血大鼠PI3K/AKT信号通路的影响

目的探讨电针联合丰富康复训练对磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase,PI3K/AKT)信号通路的影响及血管新生机制。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、针康组、抑制剂组,每组15只,参照Longa线栓法建立局灶性大脑中动脉缺血动物模型。针康组于模型复制后给予电针及康复治疗,电针取穴"百会""风府""内关""心俞",每日1次,连续治疗7d。抑制剂组侧脑室注射AKT阻断剂后,进行电针联合康复训练干预,每日1次,连续治疗7d。干预结束后,比较各组大鼠神经功能评分、脑梗死面积,分别采用免疫组织化学法和Western blot法检测缺血侧脑组织中PI3K、AKT蛋白的表达水平。结果与假手术组比较,模型组神经功能缺损评分显著增加(P<0.05),梗死面积显著增大(P<0.05),缺血侧脑组织中PI3K、AKT蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,针康组神经功能缺损评分显著降低(P<0.05),脑梗死面积显著缩小(P<0.05),缺血侧脑组织PI3K、AKT蛋白表达水平显著增加(P<0.05);与针康组比较,抑制剂组大鼠神经功能缺损评分显著增加(P<0.05),脑梗死面积显著增大(P<0.05),缺血侧脑组织PI3K、AKT蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论电针联合丰富康复训练可有效促进脑缺血大鼠神经功能恢复,减小脑梗死面积,这可能与其激活PI3K/AKT信号通路,诱导血管新生有关。     

天麻素通过下调ERK1/2-p38信号通路保护谷氨酸损伤的PC12细胞

目的 研究天麻素（gastrodin,Gas）通过调控ERK1/2-p38信号通路保护谷氨酸损伤的PC12细胞。方法 建立谷氨酸损伤的PC12细胞模型;甲基噻唑基四唑比色法测定细胞活力;Hochest 33258染色荧光显微镜观察细胞凋亡形态;罗丹明123染色流式细胞术检测细胞线粒体膜电位;Western blot法检测细胞内p38、ERK1/2、p-p38、p-ERK1/2蛋白表达。结果 天麻素明显抑制谷氨酸诱导的PC12细胞凋亡,在0.1~10 μmol/L剂量范围内呈一定的量效关系;天麻素升高谷氨酸损伤引起的细胞线粒体膜电位的降低,下调p-p38、p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达。结论 天麻素对谷氨酸损伤的PC12细胞具有保护作用,其机制可能与升高线粒体膜电位水平,下调p-p38、p-ERK1/2蛋白表达,抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

参七虫草胶囊干预肺间质纤维化大鼠模型PI3K/Akt信号通路实验研究

目的 观察参七虫草胶囊对肺间质纤维化模型大鼠磷脂酰肌醇3激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K）和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶（serine/threonine protein kinase B,Akt）信号通路的干预作用。方法 采用博莱霉素气道喷雾法复制大鼠肺间质纤维化模型。将40只大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、氢化泼尼松组、参七虫草胶囊组,每组10只。酶联免疫吸附法测定各组大鼠治疗前后血清及肺组织中PI3K/Akt水平。结果 与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠血清和肺组织中Akt及PI3K水平显著升高（P＜0.05）;与模型组比较,参七虫草胶囊组和氢化泼尼松组大鼠血清及肺组织中Akt及PI3K水平显著降低（P＜0.05）;参七虫草胶囊组大鼠血清和肺组织中Akt、PI3K水平显著低于氢化泼尼松组（P＜0.05）。结论 参七虫草胶囊通过抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路的激活从而抑制肺纤维化炎症反应,延缓肺间质纤维化病程进展。