Keine Verordnungserlassung durch Kollegialbehörde mit richterlichem Einschlag (Übernahmekommission)

Kollegialbeh?rden mit richterlichem Einschlag sind verfassungsrechtlich nicht zur Verordnungserlassung befugt (teilw Abgehen von Vorjudikatur). Die Ausnahme in Art 133 Z 4 B-VG von Verwaltungsbeh?rden aus dem Weisungs- und Verantwortungszusammenhang mit obersten Organen stellt nur auf Beh?rden ab, die blo? zur Erlassung individueller Verwaltungsakte erm?chtigt sind. Die Verordnungserm?chtigung in Art 18 Abs 2 B-VG stellt auf den verfassungsrechtlich (hier durch Art 20 Abs 2 und Art 133 Z 4 B-VG) abgesteckten Wirkungsbereich der Verwaltungsbeh?rde ab. Die Zust?ndigkeit einer weisungsfreien Beh?rde zur Verordnungserlassung würde die Leitungsbefugnis oberster Organe beeintr?chtigen und w?re im Hinblick auf fehlende parlamentarische Kontrolle aus demokratischer Sicht bedenklich.     

对社区警务建设的理性思考

社区警务是社区与警方相互作用的互动过程,是社区建设的重要组成部分,是一个动态的发展系统,必须依靠全社会的力量才能实现;同时,公安机关在推行社区警务战略的实践中,必须协调好五种关系,即与党委、政府的关系、与基层社区组织的关系、与社区群众的关系、打击与防范的关系、与各警种的关系。     

Children in the 20th-century family economy: From co-providers to consumers

The position of children in the family economy changed fundamentally from the 19th century onward. In the Netherlands, the first child labor act was introduced in 1874; compulsory schooling was established in 1901. Since then, the economic contribution to the family income by children has gradually disappeared. Until the 1960s, in working-class families, the financial contribution of adolescents to the family income remained of great importance. Young workers gave their whole wage to the family in exchange for housing, food, clothes, and some pocket money. This article describes how the economic role of teenagers has changed since then. Nowadays, children and adolescents do not contribute to the family purse any longer.     

Jedem Wohnungseigentümer vertraglich gegenüber dem WE-Organisator zustehende Gewährleistungs- und Schadenersatzansprüche an allgemeinen Teilen der WE-Liegenschaft sind durch Mehrheitsbeschluss gerichtlich durchsetzbar

Nach stRsp ist jeder Wohnungseigentümer aus seinem Kaufvertrag heraus zur Geltendmachung von Gew?hrleistungs- und Schadenersatzansprüchen gegenüber dem WE-Organisator auch an allgemeinen Teilen der WE-Liegenschaft aktivlegitimiert. Die Mehrheit der Wohnungseigentümer kann sowohl die prozessuale Geltendmachung dieser Ansprüche (hier: auf Schadenersatz aus mangelhaft durchgeführten Sanierungsarbeiten) beschlie?en als auch deren Durchsetzung nach § 18 Abs 2 WEG 2002 idF WRN 2006 an die Eigentümergemeinschaft abtreten. Ein vertraglicher Gew?hrleistungsausschluss steht § 38 Abs 1 WEG 2002 (§ 24 Abs 1 WEG 1975) entgegen und ist somit rechtsunwirksam. Diese Bestimmung ist nicht nur auf neu zu errichtende WE-Anlagen anzuwenden.     

Übertragung der Einkunftsquelle beim Zuwendungsfruchtgenuss

Beim Zuwendungsfruchtgenuss bezieht der Fruchtnie?er origin?re Einkünfte nur dann, wenn sich die Einr?umung des Fruchtgenusses als übertragung der Einkunftsquelle darstellt. Dies ist für die Fruchtnie?ung an einem Geb?ude, aus dem Einkünfte aus Vermietung und Verpachtung flie?en, ua nur dann der Fall, wenn der Fruchtnie?er auch die ihm obliegenden Lasten tr?gt. Anderenfalls wird nicht die Einkunftsquelle übertragen, sondern werden lediglich die dem Eigentümer zuzurechnenden Einkünfte weitergegeben (Einkommensverwendung).     

When Is Science Used in Science Policy? Examining the Importance of Scientific and Technical Information in National Research Council Reports

A frequent lament among researchers is that public policy makers should pay more attention to scientific and technical information (STI). If there is any single area where one might expect STI to be used in public policy making and agenda setting it is in science and technology policy. Many of the policy makers in science and technology policy are themselves scientists or researchers and presumably would prove especially receptive to STI. However, STI is only one of many types of information used in policy making and policy actors often differ in the extent to which they view STI as credible, particularly compared to other types of potentially policy‐relevant information. Research on credibility (the believability of information, information types, and media) has shown variance and policy makers’ “credibility maps.” Thus, some policy makers have preference for formal information generally and STI specifically, but others privilege raw data, personal experience, authority, history and anecdote, analogical reasoning, or conformance to ideology, to name just a few of the information choices. Here, we build on the current researchers’ previous bibliometrics‐based work and use data from 41 semi‐structured elite interviews with National Research Council (NRC) executives and staff and NRC committee members concerning the use of STI in reports issued by the NRC. Findings show that the use of STI in NRC reports varies according to the nature of the inquiry and the sponsor. Information used in the reports is based on not only the assessed credibility of information but also its perceived direct relevance and the availability of STI as compared to other types of information. In general, the amount of STI in the NRC reports tends to have modest effects on the likelihood that reports will be used in policy making or by the mass media. More important factors include the timing of the report with respect to political agendas, the party requesting the report, and the enacted roles of NRC staff members and committee chairs.     

Renewable Portfolio Standards and Policy Stringency: An Assessment of Implementation and Outcomes

This research examines the impact of increasing the stringency of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) on the consumption of energy produced from renewable sources. Putting prior findings in the context of policy learning, first we focus on technological innovation, factor endowments, and economic energy dependence of American states to track how RPS have proliferated and strengthened. Next, we look at the net effect of this RPS evolution on state fossil fuel energy divestment. To evaluate the interplay between: a) the political desire to lower fossil fuel use, b) technological feasibility to do so, and c) the economic trade‐offs and risks, we focus on the industrial sector dependence on energy security and affordability. Our results indicate that energy security is a priority and even in light of increasing RPS stringency, states with relatively weak but mandatory RPS are leaders in aggregate renewable energy consumption. This fact is due to favoring biofuel and hydro generation rather than solar and wind because of lower deployment costs.     

Politics,Science, and Termination: A Case Study of Water Fluoridation Policy in Calgary in 2011

Policy termination is identified as a rare occurrence and thus difficult to study. However, one policy area, community water fluoridation, has seen an apparent increase in termination in recent years. We examine the specific case of termination in Calgary, Alberta in 2011 with a specific goal to apply Kingdon's Multiple Streams Approach to the policy termination framework. Our findings suggest that of key importance for the termination of water fluoridation was the impending need for an upgrade to the fluoridation infrastructure, the effectiveness of the local anti‐fluoridation activists, the speed of decision making, and a prominent framing of the issue in ethical terms. The opening of a policy window made possible by the 2010 Calgary municipal election, one that introduced a number of new members to council, as well as the presence of a policy entrepreneur who took advantage of the window's opening, were of specific importance to the success of policy termination.     

Censors Get Smart: Evidence from Psiphon in Iran

Information controls are actions intended to deny, disrupt, monitor, or secure information for political ends. They can be implemented using a wide variety of technical and nontechnical means. Political contests over the control of information are heightened around important events, such as major anniversaries, armed conflicts, protests, and elections. In this paper, we offer a comparative case study of online censorship of the circumvention tool Psiphon during the Iranian elections in 2016 and 2013, drawing on unique access to analytics data from Psiphon. We find that the Iranian regime developed its censorship approach in two ways, deploying blocking that was more targeted and strategically timed in the more recent case. Evidence suggests that the regime relaxed censorship of Psiphon during the official campaign period for the 2016 election. The apparent objective of this new approach was to control access to information while minimizing the political consequences of doing so.