Reproductive health services: “Business-in-a-Box” as a model social innovation

Access to reproductive health services and products in remote and rural communities is a critical area of concern for developing countries. This article considers a pilot intervention in three districts of Pakistan where “Business-in-a-Box” as a model of place-based social innovation is used to improve the socio-economic conditions of women in remote rural settings through socially responsible micro-franchising. It finds that such programmes help build a sense of community, ownership and grassroots capabilities and skills. The article also discusses the impacts of such actions on the individual and community life, and the need to upscale and sustain these initiatives.     

A Model for Female-Perpetrated Domestic Violence

Child abuse often coexists with intimate partner violence. However, limited studies incorporate both phenomena in a single study. Moreover, the examination of female-on-male violence is an important development. Hence, an intrinsic case study of domestic violence is presented to provide insights regarding the nature and impact of female-perpetrated violence. The research approach was qualitative and demonstrated that a model for abusive behavior seems to be similar for both sexes. The data revealed theoretical trends such as the reality of an intergenerational transmission of violence into adulthood, as well as abusive partners presenting with borderline traits.     

Environmental Stressors and Food Security in China

This article considers the immediate forces influencing China’s food system and food security. By immediate is meant events of the reform period, from the late 1970s to 2008. It begins by asking the question that has preoccupied specialists since the publication of Lester Brown’s Who Will Feed China? in 1995: How much arable land does China have? Is that land area sufficient to insure grain sufficiency? To insure food security? The article focuses on the human pressures on the food production environment, and then treats the effects of socioeconomic change: land, air, and water degradation. The core of the article examines six responses of the state to both perceived and actual environmental stressors: policy restricting arable land conversion, China’s one-child policy, investment in irrigation systems, the South–North Water Diversion Project, large-scale afforestation and reforestation campaigns, and the program to convert marginal agricultural lands to forests and grasslands.     

葡萄球菌GST-mTSST-1融合蛋白抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

以纯化的金黄色葡萄球菌无毒诱变超抗原GST-mTSST-1融合蛋白作为检测抗原,通过优化ELISA反应条件,初步建立了检测血清特异性GST-mTSST-1抗体的间接ELISA方法,监测了小鼠血清中特异性GST-mTSST-1抗体水平的动态变化规律。方阵试验确定的GST-mTSST-1抗原的最适包被浓度为5.0μg/mL,血清最佳稀释倍数为1∶100,ELISA阳性反应的临界值为D490 nm≥0.219,批内和批间重复试验的变异系数均小于10%。应用该方法对试验小鼠血清进行检测,结果表明,建立的间接ELISA方法具有较高的敏感性、特异性和较好的重复性,适用于检测特异性GST-mTSST-1血清抗体。     

信用证欺诈例外原则的问题分析

信用证是国际贸易中重要的信用结算工具,由于信用证独立抽象的原则,银行只审单而不管实际的货物,导致国际贸易中利用信用证进行欺诈的案件屡屡发生。因此,各国纷纷采取信用证欺诈例外原则来进行补救,但信用证欺诈例外原则的滥用则会损害合法受益人及善意第三方在信用证项下的利益,因此,对欺诈原则应适当地适用,以发挥其最佳效用。     

沿海十省(市)药品监管机构能力之比较研究

在构建社会主义和谐社会的当代中国,药品的安全性和有效性正日益引起人们的关注,而药品监管机构能力的建设与评估也开始成为社会监管领域的重要问题.通过回顾国内外已有的对政府能力概念和要素的研究,借用Nelissen的潜在能力和现实能力理论,结合世界银行2003年《世界发展报告》中对机构现实能力的要素分析和"行政储备"理论对机构潜在能力的要素分析,构建起药品监管机构能力的结构模型,并提出一套评估的指标体系.对数据进行标准化处理后,通过统计排序对沿海十省(市)药品监管机构能力进行评估和比较,进而利用最小二乘法(OLS)建立回归模型,分析潜在能力中的财力和人力因素对现实能力的贡献率.研究发现:地区财力对监管机构现实能力的影响较之人力因素要大,这在理论和实践中都可以得到证实;各地药品监管机构的潜在能力与现实能力之间存在较大差异,就那些现实机构能力较低的地区而言,现阶段有必要把工作重点放在医药企业生产经营行为的监管和农村地区医药监管基础设施的建设上;而对于潜在机构能力较低的地区来说,从"专业化、程序化和独立性"等方面提升机构整体的人力资源是当务之急.     

艾灸对腹泻型肠易激综合征模型大鼠海马与结肠组织中IKKβ/IKBα/NF-κB通路的影响

目的观察艾灸对腹泻型肠易激综合征(diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome,IBS-D)模型大鼠海马与结肠组织中核因子κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B,IκB)激酶β(IκB kinase beta,IKKβ)、核因子κB抑制蛋白α(NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha,IKBα)、核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)(P65)相对表达水平的影响,探讨艾灸治疗IBS-D的机制。方法将24只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和艾灸组,每组8只。采用慢性束缚联合番泻叶灌胃方法建立IBS-D大鼠模型。艾灸组予以艾灸"天枢""上巨虚",每日30min,每日1次,共治疗7d。治疗后,观察大鼠稀便率和直肠扩张所引起腹部回缩反射(abdominal withdrawal reflex,AWR)的最小容量阈值;蛋白质印迹法检测海马和结肠组织中IKKβ、IKBα、NF-κB(P65)蛋白表达水平。结果与空白组比较,模型组AWR的最小容量阈值明显下降(P<0.05),稀便率明显升高(P<0.05);海马和结肠组织中IKKβ、IKBα、NF-κB(P65)蛋白表达水平明显增加(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,艾灸组AWR的最小容量阈值明显升高(P<0.05),稀便率明显下降(P<0.05);海马和结肠组织中IKKβ、IKBα、NF-κB(P65)蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论艾灸"天枢""上巨虚"改善IBS-D大鼠腹泻症状和内脏高敏感性可能与艾灸抑制海马与结肠组织IKKβ/IKBα/NF-κB信号通路有关,且其作用机制可能是通过脑-肠轴途径实现的。     

派出所与责任区刑警队协作关系探析

切实解决好责任区刑警队与派出所的协作关系,事关刑侦工作改革和派出所工作改革的成效,关系到公安机关打击、防范两支主力军的作用发挥的问题。如何理顺队所关系,提高打击和预防犯罪的整体效能,共保一方平安,已成为当前急需解决的一个重要课题,应从转变观念和提高认识、夯实基础和共同建设、优势互补和资源共享、建立制度和明确责任四个方面来解决问题。     

论国际法视野下中医药知识产权的保护

我们对于传统中医药知识产权的保护多从私权出发,从而忽视了国家在这一领域内应起的作用。本文试图说明国家在中医药知识产权国际保护中的地位应该得到加强,并且在不违背其所承担的国际义务的前提下,可以通过强化其外部贸易政策来实现这一目的。     

《鹿特丹规则》下无单放货解决机制：从凭保函放货到凭指示放货

《鹿特丹规则》对无单放货问题设计了新的解决机制，通过使特定条件下的无单放货合法化，试图减轻承运人的负担，平衡船货双方的利益。采取规范分析的方法，对这一机制进行解构，论述其给各当事方的法律地位所带来的变化，认为对现有制度进行改良可能是更好的选择。