Quantitative Statistics and Identification of Tool‐Marks

This study was designed to establish a feature identification method of tool‐mark 2D data. A uniform local binary pattern histogram operator was developed to extract the tool‐mark features, and the random forest algorithm was adopted to identify these. The presented method was used to conduct five groups of experiments with a 2D dataset of known matched and nonmatched tool‐marks made by bolt clippers, cutting pliers, and screwdrivers. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieved a high rate of identification of the tool‐mark samples generated under identical conditions. The proposed method effectively overcomes the disadvantage of unstable illumination of 2D tool‐mark image data and avoids the difficulty in mark inspection caused by manually preset parameters in the existing methods, thus reducing the uncertainty of inspected results.     

Unexpected Serotonin Syndrome,Epileptic Seizures,and Cerebral Edema Following 2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐bromophenethylamine Ingestion

4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B) is a designer drug. In Europe, 2C‐B is easily obtained and used for recreational purposes. It is known for its stimulating effects similar to those of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, although in higher doses it has more hallucinogenic effects. Here, we report a case of 2C‐B ingestion, confirmed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, in an 18‐year‐old man. The neurological consequences were severe, including the development of serotonin syndrome and severe brain edema. Supportive therapy resulted in a stable condition, although, after several months, the patient still suffered from severe neurological impairment due to the drug‐induced toxicity. This case showed that 2C‐B could not be identified with the drugs of abuse screening routinely used in Dutch hospitals. The use of 2C‐B carries many risks, with potentially profound neurological damage, that both consumers and healthcare physicians are unaware of.     

Two loci ‘exclusion’ of true paternity is due to genetic disorder in a child

We describe a paternity case with three genetic incompatibilities between a three-year-old boy and his putative father.STR analysis of 2 out of 25 markers revealed the absence of paternal alleles and presence of two maternal alleles at D2S441 and D2S1338 loci in the child. The rest 23 STR markers served to confirm paternity. In addition, we analyzed Y-STRs and determined the same haplotype in the child and his putative father.With massive parallel sequencing on HID Ion GeneStudio S5 System using Precision ID GlobalFiler NGS STR Panel v2 (Applied Biosystems) we confirmed the presence of two alleles of maternal origin at D2S441, D2S1338 loci and identified two maternal alleles at additional locus D2S1776 located on chromosome 2 in the child.Finally, we confirm paternity. Three loci ‘exclusion’ was due to maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 2 in the child.     

Experimental Study on the Postmortem Redistribution of the Substituted Phenethylamine, 25B‐NBOMe

2‐(4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B‐NBOMe) is a substituted phenethylamine, which has become highly prevalent worldwide since 2014. Recently, in an autopsy case involving fatal 25B‐NBOMe intoxication, we found the postmortem increase of 25B‐NBOMe concentration in the cardiac blood approximately 2 days after death. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of 25B‐NBOMe and reproduce the postmortem redistribution using a rat model. Sprague‐Dawley rats were killed 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of 25B‐NBOMe (0.5 mg/kg) and left for 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, or 24 h (six rats at each time point). Postmortem 25B‐NBOMe concentrations in the cardiac blood increased by more than 10‐fold at 6‐h postmortem. 25B‐NBOMe accumulated primarily in the lung. Moreover, this postmortem redistribution occurred even in rats that had died 1 week following the 25B‐NBOMe administration. These findings indicate that attention should be paid to sample collection and data interpretation in the toxicological analysis of 25B‐NBOMe.     

Profiling the scent of weathered training aids for blood-detection dogs

At outdoor crime scenes, cadaver-detection and blood-detection dogs may be tasked with locating blood that is days, weeks or months old. Although it is known that the odour profile of blood will change during this time, it is currently unknown how the profile changes when exposed to the environment. Such variables must be studied in order to understand when the odour profile is no longer detectable by the scent-detection dogs and other crime scene tools should be implemented. In this study, blood was deposited onto concrete and varnished wood surfaces and weathered in an outdoor environment over a three-month period. Headspace samples were collected using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography – time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–TOFMS). The chemical odour profiles were compared with the behavioural responses of cadaver-detection and blood-detection dogs during training. Data interpretation using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) established that the blood odour could no longer be detected using SPME–GC×GC–TOFMS after two months of weathering on both surfaces. Conversely, the blood-detection dogs had difficulty locating the blood samples after one month of weathering on concrete and after one week of weathering on varnished wood. The scent-detection dogs evaluated herein had not been previously exposed to environmentally weathered blood samples during training. Given that this study was conducted to test the dogs' baseline abilities, it is expected that with repeated exposure, the dogs' capabilities would likely improve. The knowledge gained from this study can assist in providing law enforcement with more accurate training aids for blood-detection dogs and can improve their efficiency when deployed to outdoor crime scenes.     

Erhöhung des Unterhaltsvorschusses nach Beendigung einstweiligen Unterhalts durch endgültige Bemessung

Die Aufhebung einer einstweiligen Verfügung infolge Zeitablaufs nach § 399 Abs 1 Z 2 EO wirkt im Regelfall nicht auf den Zeitpunkt ihrer Bewilligung, sondern lediglich auf den Zeitpunkt des Fristablaufs – etwa den Eintritt der Rechtskraft des im Hauptverfahren ergangenen Urteils – zurück. Der erkennende Senat tritt nicht der formalistischen Auffassung bei, eine Entscheidung, mit der ein vorl?ufiger Unterhalt gem § 382a EO durch einen "endgültigen" ersetzt werde, sei keine taugliche Grundlage für eine (rückwirkende) Erh?hung des Unterhaltsbeitrags iSd § 19 Abs 2 UVG. Vielmehr schlie?t er sich der in 3 Ob 147/00i ge?u?erten Ansicht an, wonach aus den ma?gebenden gesetzlichen Bestimmungen nicht ableitbar ist, dass ein Exekutionstitel gem § 382a EO, der einer Vorschussgew?hrung zugrunde gelegt worden sei, "mit der endgültigen Unterhaltsfestsetzung … beseitigt" werde. Demnach kann ein aufgrund einstweiliger Verfügung nach § 382a EO gew?hrter Unterhaltsvorschuss erh?ht werden, wenn sp?ter ein erh?hter Unterhalt im ordentlichen Bemessungsverfahren festgesetzt wurde. Das gilt jedenfalls für Vorschüsse nach §§ 3, 4 Z 1 UVG.     

(Kein) Optionsrecht zugunsten gemeinnütziger Sportvereine bei Vermietung

R?umen die Mitgliedstaaten ihren Steuerpflichtigen das in Artikel 13 Teil C der Sechsten Richtlinie 77/388/EWG vorgesehene Recht ein, für eine Besteuerung zu optieren, so k?nnen sie nach der Art der Ums?tze oder nach Gruppen von Steuerpflichtigen unterscheiden, sofern sie die Ziele und die allgemeinen Grunds?tze der Sechsten Richtlinie, insbesondere den Grundsatz der steuerlichen Neutralit?t und das Erfordernis einer korrekten, einfachen und einheitlichen Anwendung der vorgesehenen Befreiungen beachten. Es ist Sache des nationalen Gerichts, festzustellen, ob eine nationale Rechtsvorschrift, die die Ums?tze gemeinnütziger Sportvereine generell von der Steuer befreit und dabei das Recht dieser Sportvereine beschr?nkt, für eine Besteuerung der Vermietungs- und Verpachtungsums?tze zu optieren, das den Mitgliedstaaten einger?umte Ermessen unter Berücksichtigung insbesondere des Grundsatzes der steuerlichen Neutralit?t und des Erfordernisses einer korrekten, einfachen und einheitlichen Anwendung der vorgesehenen Steuerbefreiungen überschreitet.     

皮肤切创愈合过程中TLR2、TLR4表达及其法医学意义

目的探讨皮肤切创组织中单核-巨噬细胞TLR2和TLR4阳性表达与损伤时间的相关性,以寻找损伤时间推断的新方法。方法应用免疫组织化学技术研究45例不同损伤时间小鼠皮肤切创组织中TLR2、TLR4的表达情况,同时以3例正常小鼠皮肤组织作对照。结果皮肤切创组织中单核-巨噬细胞TLR2和TLR4阳性表达与损伤时间具有相关性。单核-巨噬细胞TLR2、TLR4阳性细胞比率(单核-巨噬细胞阳性细胞数与中性粒细胞、单核-巨噬细胞及成纤维细胞三种阳性细胞总数之比率)与损伤时间的回归方程分别为y=23.8099 0.9572x-0.0077x2 1.5×10-5x3(R2=0.872);y=25.2256 0.7893x-0.0059x2 1.0×10-5x3(R2=0.879)。结论TLR2、TLR4在小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中损伤区内单核-巨噬细胞阳性表达比率与损伤时间相关;检测损伤区单核-巨噬细胞TLR2、TLR4的表达可望成为推断损伤时间的新方法。     

腔上囊病病毒VP2基因重组腺病毒的构建

采用RT-PCR方法扩增腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2 基因,亚克隆到 pAdlox转移载体,与野生型腺病毒ψ5一起共转染Cre8细胞,将IBDV-VP2基因在5型腺病毒中进行表达。结果,获得了含有腔上囊病病毒 VP2 基因的重组腺病毒 Adv VP2,感染重组腺病毒的细胞经 Western blotting检测,得到了1个约37 ku的VP2多肽,而感染空载体病毒的细胞及对照细胞则无此蛋白条带。证实,成功构建了表达IBDV VP2基因的重组腺病毒。