Keine Verordnungserlassung durch Kollegialbehörde mit richterlichem Einschlag (Übernahmekommission)

Kollegialbeh?rden mit richterlichem Einschlag sind verfassungsrechtlich nicht zur Verordnungserlassung befugt (teilw Abgehen von Vorjudikatur). Die Ausnahme in Art 133 Z 4 B-VG von Verwaltungsbeh?rden aus dem Weisungs- und Verantwortungszusammenhang mit obersten Organen stellt nur auf Beh?rden ab, die blo? zur Erlassung individueller Verwaltungsakte erm?chtigt sind. Die Verordnungserm?chtigung in Art 18 Abs 2 B-VG stellt auf den verfassungsrechtlich (hier durch Art 20 Abs 2 und Art 133 Z 4 B-VG) abgesteckten Wirkungsbereich der Verwaltungsbeh?rde ab. Die Zust?ndigkeit einer weisungsfreien Beh?rde zur Verordnungserlassung würde die Leitungsbefugnis oberster Organe beeintr?chtigen und w?re im Hinblick auf fehlende parlamentarische Kontrolle aus demokratischer Sicht bedenklich.     

柔嫩艾美球虫间接ELISA检测方法的建立

将已构建的原核表达载体pET Mzp5 7在大肠埃希氏菌中诱导表达 ,以融合重组蛋白为包被抗原 ,以HRP标记的鼠抗鸡IgG为二抗 ,建立了检测柔嫩艾美球虫抗体的间接ELISA方法。经筛选 ,该方法的最佳反应条件是 :λMzp5 7重组蛋白最佳包被量为 1.0 μg/孔 ,10 0mL/L胎牛血清封闭 ,二抗的最佳工作浓度为 1∶16 0 ,用正常大肠埃希氏菌裂解上清液稀释待检血清。结果表明 ,建立的间接ELISA方法可用于监测柔嫩艾美球虫抗体 ,且具有快速、简便、成本低等优点     

猪瘟病毒E2基因与报告基因lacZ双表达质粒的构建及体外表达

利用反转录和套式PCR技术,从猪瘟病毒(CSFV)石门血毒中扩增出了E2 基因,将其用NotⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后,与同样处理的真核表达载体pBudCE4.1 相连,获得了pBudCE Es2 22的阳性质粒。对后者再以HindⅢ和XbaⅠ双酶切,并与来自质粒pBudCE lacZ/CAT的lacZ基因片段连接,获得了含CSFV E2基因与lacZ报告基因的真核双表达质粒pBudCE lacZ/Es2 22。该质粒转染BHK21细胞后,用βGal Staining试剂盒原位染色可见许多着染蓝色的细胞;用CSFVAntigen试剂盒检测转染细胞的上清液和细胞沉淀,均可检测到含CSFV E2 抗原。结果表明,构建的真核质粒pBudCE lacZ/Es2 22实现了2个外源基因的共表达。     

Jedem Wohnungseigentümer vertraglich gegenüber dem WE-Organisator zustehende Gewährleistungs- und Schadenersatzansprüche an allgemeinen Teilen der WE-Liegenschaft sind durch Mehrheitsbeschluss gerichtlich durchsetzbar

Nach stRsp ist jeder Wohnungseigentümer aus seinem Kaufvertrag heraus zur Geltendmachung von Gew?hrleistungs- und Schadenersatzansprüchen gegenüber dem WE-Organisator auch an allgemeinen Teilen der WE-Liegenschaft aktivlegitimiert. Die Mehrheit der Wohnungseigentümer kann sowohl die prozessuale Geltendmachung dieser Ansprüche (hier: auf Schadenersatz aus mangelhaft durchgeführten Sanierungsarbeiten) beschlie?en als auch deren Durchsetzung nach § 18 Abs 2 WEG 2002 idF WRN 2006 an die Eigentümergemeinschaft abtreten. Ein vertraglicher Gew?hrleistungsausschluss steht § 38 Abs 1 WEG 2002 (§ 24 Abs 1 WEG 1975) entgegen und ist somit rechtsunwirksam. Diese Bestimmung ist nicht nur auf neu zu errichtende WE-Anlagen anzuwenden.     

Übertragung der Einkunftsquelle beim Zuwendungsfruchtgenuss

Beim Zuwendungsfruchtgenuss bezieht der Fruchtnie?er origin?re Einkünfte nur dann, wenn sich die Einr?umung des Fruchtgenusses als übertragung der Einkunftsquelle darstellt. Dies ist für die Fruchtnie?ung an einem Geb?ude, aus dem Einkünfte aus Vermietung und Verpachtung flie?en, ua nur dann der Fall, wenn der Fruchtnie?er auch die ihm obliegenden Lasten tr?gt. Anderenfalls wird nicht die Einkunftsquelle übertragen, sondern werden lediglich die dem Eigentümer zuzurechnenden Einkünfte weitergegeben (Einkommensverwendung).     

Housing Voucher Take‐Up and Labor Market Impacts

Low participation rates in government assistance programs are a major policy concern in the United States. This paper studies take‐up of Section 8 housing vouchers, a program in which take‐up rates are quite low among interested and eligible households. We link 18,109 households in Chicago that were offered vouchers through a lottery to administrative data and study how baseline employment, earnings, public assistance, arrests, residential location, and children's academic performance predict take‐up. Our analysis finds mixed evidence of whether the most disadvantaged or distressed households face the largest barriers to program participation. We also study the causal impact of peer behavior on take‐up by exploiting idiosyncratic variation in the timing of voucher offers. We find that the probability of lease‐up increases with the number of neighbors who recently received voucher offers. Finally, we explore the policy implications of increasing housing voucher take‐up by applying reweighting methods to existing causal impact estimates of voucher receipt. This analysis suggests that greater utilization of vouchers may lead to larger reductions in labor market activity. Differences in take‐up rates across settings may be important to consider when assessing the external validity of studies identifying the effects of public assistance programs.     

When Is Science Used in Science Policy? Examining the Importance of Scientific and Technical Information in National Research Council Reports

A frequent lament among researchers is that public policy makers should pay more attention to scientific and technical information (STI). If there is any single area where one might expect STI to be used in public policy making and agenda setting it is in science and technology policy. Many of the policy makers in science and technology policy are themselves scientists or researchers and presumably would prove especially receptive to STI. However, STI is only one of many types of information used in policy making and policy actors often differ in the extent to which they view STI as credible, particularly compared to other types of potentially policy‐relevant information. Research on credibility (the believability of information, information types, and media) has shown variance and policy makers’ “credibility maps.” Thus, some policy makers have preference for formal information generally and STI specifically, but others privilege raw data, personal experience, authority, history and anecdote, analogical reasoning, or conformance to ideology, to name just a few of the information choices. Here, we build on the current researchers’ previous bibliometrics‐based work and use data from 41 semi‐structured elite interviews with National Research Council (NRC) executives and staff and NRC committee members concerning the use of STI in reports issued by the NRC. Findings show that the use of STI in NRC reports varies according to the nature of the inquiry and the sponsor. Information used in the reports is based on not only the assessed credibility of information but also its perceived direct relevance and the availability of STI as compared to other types of information. In general, the amount of STI in the NRC reports tends to have modest effects on the likelihood that reports will be used in policy making or by the mass media. More important factors include the timing of the report with respect to political agendas, the party requesting the report, and the enacted roles of NRC staff members and committee chairs.     

Politics,Science, and Termination: A Case Study of Water Fluoridation Policy in Calgary in 2011

Policy termination is identified as a rare occurrence and thus difficult to study. However, one policy area, community water fluoridation, has seen an apparent increase in termination in recent years. We examine the specific case of termination in Calgary, Alberta in 2011 with a specific goal to apply Kingdon's Multiple Streams Approach to the policy termination framework. Our findings suggest that of key importance for the termination of water fluoridation was the impending need for an upgrade to the fluoridation infrastructure, the effectiveness of the local anti‐fluoridation activists, the speed of decision making, and a prominent framing of the issue in ethical terms. The opening of a policy window made possible by the 2010 Calgary municipal election, one that introduced a number of new members to council, as well as the presence of a policy entrepreneur who took advantage of the window's opening, were of specific importance to the success of policy termination.     

Censors Get Smart: Evidence from Psiphon in Iran

Information controls are actions intended to deny, disrupt, monitor, or secure information for political ends. They can be implemented using a wide variety of technical and nontechnical means. Political contests over the control of information are heightened around important events, such as major anniversaries, armed conflicts, protests, and elections. In this paper, we offer a comparative case study of online censorship of the circumvention tool Psiphon during the Iranian elections in 2016 and 2013, drawing on unique access to analytics data from Psiphon. We find that the Iranian regime developed its censorship approach in two ways, deploying blocking that was more targeted and strategically timed in the more recent case. Evidence suggests that the regime relaxed censorship of Psiphon during the official campaign period for the 2016 election. The apparent objective of this new approach was to control access to information while minimizing the political consequences of doing so.