近三十年来“二十一条”研究综述

长期以来,发生于袁世凯当政时期的中日"二十一条"交涉被视为"卖国外交"的典型,并把其与袁世凯称帝野心联系起来,即袁世凯为换取日本对其称帝的支持,主动接受了"二十一条".改革开放后特别是近十年来,随着学术界研究的深入、外交档案的公布和国际交流的频繁往来,对中日"二十一条"交涉已经有不少论著和论文发表.本文试就近三十年中大陆有关期刊和论著观点做简要评述.     

路径、策略与制度优势--新中国减贫历程的回顾与前瞻

改革开放前30年中国在减贫方面的成就必须重新认识并充分肯定。在整体经济社会发展极其落后的基础上,国家建立了不同类型的救助制度和扶贫举措,农村人口的收入和消费水平都有相应提升;农村基础设施与农田水利建设和社会事业的发展,极大地降低了前30年的社会贫困,并为后40年农村地区的经济腾飞创造了良好基础。改革开放后,制度优势进一步凸显,以救助式扶贫开始,逐渐过渡到精准扶贫,绝对贫困人口从期初的7亿多人(国际标准)减至目前的1600多万人,脱贫人口总量对全球减贫的贡献率高达73%。新中国减贫事业的巨大成就,与自身的制度优势密不可分。后小康社会,应全面总结新中国70年的治贫成就和经验教训,对标国际扶贫标准,重点关注最脆弱人群(包括城市贫困人群),真正实现“共同富裕”。     

The Marquises of Viana: building distinction through the past (1875-1927)

In turn-of-the-century Spain, Teobaldo and José de Saavedra embodied an understanding of an aristocracy with one foot in the past and the other in the present. As holders of a recently created marquisate, their lifestyle exemplified the challenge faced by aristocrats who adopted practices and customs that were alien to them, whilst seeking to preserve elements of distinction they considered inalienable, such as dynastic history and dense family networks. The aim of this paper is to study the process of building aristocratic notability from a non-patrician origin. To this end, the profiles of the first and second Marquises of Viana are explored, paying special attention to their financial situation, social relations – particularly at Court – and a lifestyle steeped in their modern context. A key theme is their attention to art as a symbol of distinction, conceived as an instrument to leverage them to the position of the social elite of which they were becoming members. At the same time, the Marquises of Viana’s careers also reveal clear connections with Europe’s elite as they sought an exclusivity that would set them apart as a social group in a turbulent world.     

Estimating postmortem interval for human cadavers in a sub‐tropical climate using UV‐Vis‐near‐infrared Spectroscopy

Estimating postmortem interval (PMI) of surface found skeletal remains is challenging. This novel study used UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroscopy to scan soil collected from cadaver decomposition islands (CDIs) ranging from 15‐ to 963‐d postmortem and control soils. A decomposition product spectra model (DPS model) was constructed by deducting the control soil spectra from the CDI soil spectra for the estimation of postmortem indices: PMI (d), ADD₄, ADD₁₀, and ADD₂₀. The DPS model (n = 55) was calibrated and subjected to a full cross‐validation. Calibration R² and RPD for the DPS model ranged from 0.97 to 0.99 and from 6.1 to 9.9, respectively, for the four postmortem interval indices. Validation R² and RPD for the DPS model ranged from 0.73 to 0.80 and from 1.9 to 2.2, respectively. The DPS model estimated postmortem intervals for three test CDIs in a clay soil under perennial grassland (test set 1; n = 3) and six CDIs in a sandy soil under a loblolly pine forest (test set 2; n = 6). Test set 1 had PMI prediction ranges from ?69 to ?117 days, ?796 to +832 ADD₄, +552 to +2672 ADD₁₀, and ?478 to ?20 ADD₂₀ of observed PMI. Test set 2 PMI prediction ranged from ?198 to ?65 days, ?9923 to +2629 ADD₄, ?6724 to +1321 ADD₁₀, and ?2850 to +540 ADD₂₀ of observed PMI. Test set 2 had poor predictions for two CDIs, for all measures of postmortem indices resulting in discussion of sampling depth, effect of body mass index (BMI), and scavenging.     

Social challenges and progress in IBSA

The India–Brazil–South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum was launched in June 2003 to push for these countries' bids for a place on the United Nation' Security Council, but IBSA's attention has shifted over time towards development and economic reform. This article discusses the progress in addressing social development challenges within the member countries of IBSA. It examines the social achievements of IBSA members, in the context of their economic performance and the Millennium Development Goals. It also assesses the forces which propel these societies' social policies, especially the influence of civil society, and whether there has been benefit in this regard in their collaboration within the IBSA forum. Their experiences show the critical importance of civil society in design and execution of programmes directed towards the poor, an important factor to be kept in mind by multilateral and bilateral agencies involved in poverty alleviation projects in developing countries. The three nations could cooperate to share ideas for effective social welfare programmes, and join together in multilateral forums to form a powerful voice for change.     

论联合国可持续发展机构改革的国际法问题——以RIO＋20议程为视角

2012年联合国可持续发展大会确立的RIO＋20议程对国际可持续发展的机构改革问题作出了重大调整。虽历经20年的积累,与可持续发展有关的国际法规范松散而总体缺乏约束力。RIO＋20后联合国创设了可持续发展高级别政治论坛以取代可持续发展委员会,但未来联合国可持续发展机构改革的方向仍需以环境议题为主,探索不同形式和不同重点的组织模式,以促进国际可持续发展目标的实现。     

延安时期党的建设的历史贡献

延安时期是中国共产党建设历史上黄金时期之一。这一时期,党提出了马克思主义中国化的时代命题,创立了完整科学的党的建设理论体系,培育了伟大的延安精神,确立毛泽东思想作为全党的根本指导思想,形成了以毛泽东为核心的稳定的第一代领导集体,从而使中国共产党走向全面成熟。     

恩格斯晚年对基督教起源问题的分析初探

基督教的起源问题是恩格斯晚年非常关注的一个重要问题。从历史唯物主义的基本分析范式出发,在批判总结鲍威尔宗教起源论的基础上,恩格斯明确指出,基督教产生的思想根源在于晚期希腊哲学和犹太神学的整合,社会根源在于罗马的统治。恩格斯从思想和社会渊源上对基督教的起源问题做出全面深入的论述,形成了马克思主义系统化的宗教理论。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒P20及P14蛋白基因的表达及其产物的抗原性分析

将牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)p20和p14基因分别亚克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1和pPROEX-HTb,并转化至相应的宿主菌大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS和DH5α中表达。P20蛋白在2个宿主中都获得了高效表达;P14蛋白在BL21(DE3)pLysS中表达量较低,而在DH5α中未见表达。对P14蛋白诱导表达过程的监测表明,P14蛋白对大肠杆菌是一种毒性蛋白。用Western-blotting分析未能检测到两种蛋白的反应条带,推测这两种蛋白可能存在构象表位。