European Court of Justice rules on the protection of databases under the Database Directive (96/9/EC)

The European Court of Justice has ruled on the circumstances in which databases may be protected by the Database Directive. In a decision that renders the protection of databases a narrow concept, the ECJ appears to have introduced a new requirement that a database must comprise its author's “creative ability” in order to qualify for protection as a copyright work.     

WHEN THE COST IS TOO GREAT: THE EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON CHILDREN OF INCARCERATING THEIR PARENTS FOR DRUG OFFENCES1

The advent of the modern “war on drugs” and its accompanying “lock 'em up and throw away the key” crime policies largely explain the evolution of mass incarceration in the U.S. and account for much of the emotional and psychological pain caused to children who have lost their parents to long prison sentences. It is by reducing reliance on incarceration to tackle the “drug problem” in the United States that there will be a positive impact on reducing the number of parents being separated from their children for inordinate amounts of time, thereby potentially reducing the negative emotional and psychological impact on children. Aiding parents combat their addiction outside of prison walls is perhaps to most sensible criminal justice policy in addressing the needs of children who are caught in the cross‐fire of the war on drugs. In the meantime, as policy makers review, assess, and, eventually, reform draconian drug laws and sentencing policies, it is imperative that front‐line service providers who work with children and family and juvenile court judges be mindful of the emotional and psychological impact that parental incarceration has on youth. A more in‐depth understanding of the complexities of these young people's life experiences will hopefully enable the development of appropriate support services.     

Anfechtung einer Vereinbarung über die gemeinsame Verwaltung mehrerer WE-Liegenschaften nur im Rechtsweg – kein liegenschaftsübergreifender Aufteilungsschlüssel iSd § 32 WEG 2002

Liegenschaftsübergreifende Vereinbarungen (hier: betreffend 2 benachbarte WE-Liegenschaften über die Aufteilung und Abrechnung von Bewirtschaftungskosten sowie 2 gesonderte Abrechnungs- und Abstimmungseinheiten) k?nnen nicht im wohnrechtlichen Au?erstreitverfahren nach § 52 Abs 1 Z 9 iVm § 32 Abs 2, 5 und 6 WEG 2002, sondern nur im streitigen Rechtsweg überprüft werden. Eine von § 32 Abs 1 WEG 2002 abweichende Vereinbarung über den Aufteilungsschlüssel der gemeinschaftlichen Liegenschaftsaufwendungen oder über eine von der Liegenschaft abweichende Abrechnungs- und Abstimmungseinheit bezieht sich n?mlich immer nur auf die konkrete WE-Liegenschaft, keinesfalls aber auf mehrere.     

脑缺氧损伤后线粒体途径神经元凋亡

脑缺氧后神经元线粒体损伤不单使细胞发生能量缺失和功能丧失,还可以介导凋亡调节信号,是缺氧损伤后神经元凋亡的一个中心环节。线粒体膜通透性转变,释放细胞色素C活化特定的caspase蛋白酶,使细胞进入不可逆的凋亡程序中;Bcl-2家族促凋亡和抑制凋亡成员之间相互作用,调控细胞色素C释放,调节线粒体介导的凋亡过程。     

浅析汉英语篇差异与英语写作

写作究其根本乃是一种文化现象。不同文化的读者对写作有不同的预期标准,而不同的预期标准又表现为不同的内在语篇模式。本文简略评述了国内外学者针对Kaplan提出的中英文化思维模式假说所做的研究,并在此基础之上,从篇章模式、篇章主题、篇章策略三个方面简要概括了汉英两种语言在语篇层次上的差异、产生这种差异的文化根源以及这种差异对英语写作可能造成的影响,同时指出了英语写作教学中强调跨文化交际意识的必要性和重要性。     

政府的责任和责任政府

政府与公民的平等交换、平等制约和平等服从宪法和法律的理念是明确政府责任的理论基础。在责任政府的建设问题上 ,要特别注重借助政府外部的制度性力量即执政党和人民代表大会来制约政府。同时也要关注来自公民以及社会各界的自下而上的力量对政府的制约。     

Analysis of the autopsy,toxicological, and psychiatric reports of Portugal’s first major forensic case: part III

This work presents an odd historical record obtained through more than 14 years of research regarding one of the first major European forensic cases. The presumed homicide of Mário Guilherme Augusto de Sampaio in 1890 was allegedly perpetrated by his uncle, the prestigious doctor Vicente Urbino de Freitas. This famous poisoning had international repercussions for decades, with the participation of several forensic experts that made the history of forensic sciences, namely forensic toxicology and pathology. This third work aims to collect, restore, and analyse all the forensic evidence, particularly from the autopsy, toxicological, and psychiatric forensic reports. Facts regarding the life of Vicente Urbino de Freitas during his exile in Brazil were also recovered, along with a vast and outstanding assortment of forensic medicine photographs from the 19th century.     

Characterization of Algerian-Seized Hashish Over Eight Years (2011–2018). Part II: Chemical Categorization

In Algeria, large quantities of hashish are seized every year. This study aimed to investigate the total content of major cannabinoids in the illicit seized hashish in Algeria over an 8-year period (2011–2018) in order to establish the chemical profile of North African hashish. A total of 3265 hashish samples were analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method, allowing the simultaneous quantification of both the acidic and the neutral forms of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). The results revealed a slight upward trend in the mean THC content, from 7.0% in 2011 to 9.4% in 2018, with an overall mean value of 8.4%. The overall means of CBD and CBN content were 3.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The number of high-potency hashish samples gradually increased to reach 6% in 2018. Two distinct hashish chemotypes were identified: the highly populated chemotype II, corresponding to the traditional medium-potency hashish ([THC + CBN]/CBD ~ 2.16), and chemotype I, containing hashish samples of relatively high THC levels and low levels of CBD (ratio ~ 4.90). Both chemotypes I and II were characterized in the ternary plot, and the proportions (THC:CBD:CBN) were about 85%:13%:2% and 60%:35%:5%, respectively.     

Local Renewable Energy Initiatives in Germany and Japan in a Changing National Policy Environment

Our article explores the contribution of local initiatives to the creation of path dependencies for energy transition in Germany and Japan in the face of resistance from entrenched incumbents at the national level. We use a process‐tracing methodology based partly on interviews with local participants. In particular, we explore the role of local initiatives in securing “socio‐political space” for the expansion of renewable energy (RE) and in embedding themselves in “ecosystems” of public and private institutions. German energy activists were more successful than their Japanese counterparts in expanding this space and creating positive feedback in part because they were able to build horizontal networks that anchored the energy transition firmly in local communities. Although problems with grid technology have led to retrenchment in both cases, Japanese activists' reliance on vertical networks has limited their ability to weather a backlash from national government and utility actors. Our study demonstrates the interaction of political, economic/technological, and legitimation paths to energy transition and highlights the importance of the latter two.