Emotional Labor and Job Stress in Caring Professions: Exploring Universalism and Particularism in Construct and Culture

Passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the US increases demand for nurses and brings health care into the public sphere with all that entails, including public accountability and performance measurement. In the UK’s long-standing national healthcare system, revelations of several years of neglect and poor oversight at one hospital might have contributed to nearly 1,200 deaths. The resulting Francis Report cited, among many factors, undue emphasis on reaching national access targets and balancing budgets for substandard care. Scholars of emotional labor note these trends with interest, because emotional labor is essential to nursing practice. But is emotional labor a universal construct, or is it particular to cultural context? How much can be imported from one study to the next? We compare nurse job stress in individualist and collectivist countries and reveal a statistically significant relationship: The higher a country’s individualism index, the greater the frequency of emotional-labor-demanding job stress.     

助眠健身气功治疗失眠临床疗效观察

目的 观察助眠健身气功治疗失眠的临床疗效。方法 将60例失眠患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组30例。对照组、治疗组分别实际完成27、29例,对照组采用渐进式肌肉放松训练,治疗组习练助眠健身气功。两组疗程均为4周,每日1次,每次30 min。比较治疗前后两组患者的临床疗效以及匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（Pittsburgh sleep quality index, PSQI）和Spiegel睡眠量表（Spiegel sleep inventory,SSI）评分。结果 治疗4周后,两组患者的PSQI、SSI各因子分及总分与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,治疗组PSQI量表入睡时间、睡眠时间、睡眠效率因子分、总分与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。两组基于PSQI评分和SSI评分的疗效比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,治疗组的疗效显著优于对照组。结论 助眠健身气功治疗失眠临床疗效显著。     

Labor History—Past,Present, and Future

ABSTRACT

While much recent literature has focused on the environmental cost of carbon fuels, these sources of energy generated large human costs in the work environment as well. Work in coal mines was famously dangerous. And while petroleum, gas extraction and refining were also risky, this paper demonstrates that they were far less dangerous than was coal, while energy productivity per worker was also higher in oil than coal. Relying in part on previously unexploited data, the paper also shows that on the eve of World War II, the human costs of energy – measured by fatalities per btu of output – were sharply less in oil and gas production than in coal mining. Thus the great twentieth century energy transition from coal to liquid and gaseous fuels reduced both the environmental and the workplace costs per unit of energy.     

Longitudinal Effects of Perceived Maternal Approval on Sexual Behaviors of Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Young Adults

Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine the longitudinal association between Asian and Pacific Islander (API) adolescents’ perceptions of maternal approval of their sexual activity and contraception use, and four sexual outcomes during young adulthood. The study includes a nationally representative sample of 1,195 API adolescents. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations between predictors (Wave I) and outcomes (Wave III), controlling for covariates. API adolescents who perceived that their mothers approved of their sexual activities were more likely to have engaged in sex before age 15, contracted HIV/Sexually Transmitted Diseases, had multiple sex partners, and paid money for sex during young adulthood. Findings highlight the need for parent–adolescent communication and parental involvement in preventing negative sexual health outcomes among API adolescents transitioning to young adulthood.

俄罗斯免费医疗:发展历程、效果分析、困境及未来发展方向

俄罗斯现有的免费医疗体系,主要根源于苏联时期的医疗保障体系。苏联解体后,面对复杂的社会形势和严峻的经济形势,一方面,国家财政负担日益加重,已无法维持苏联时期的免费医疗体系,各种弊端逐渐显露;另一方面,原来的医疗制度已不能适应市场化的经济体制,苏联时期的免费医疗模式逐渐浮现出越来越多的负面影响,民众满意度逐渐下降。在这种大背景下,俄罗斯在沿袭苏联免费医疗体系的基础上对其进行了一系列改革,从原先无限免费医疗服务转变为当前有限基本医疗免费的新型基本医疗免费制度,形成了免费的法定强制医疗保险和自费的私人医疗保险相结合的医疗保障制度。这些改革措施使俄罗斯人免费享受到基本医疗服务,大大增强了民众对国家医疗服务体系的信心,总体来看取得了积极成效,但依然面临着医疗机制之困、医疗资金之困、医疗服务能力之困、医疗公平之困等诸多挑战,未来俄罗斯还需朝完善法律制度、加强顶层设计、加大医疗投入、扩大医疗筹资来源、完善硬软件设施、引入竞争机制、提高卫生服务供给能力等方向继续努力,兼顾免费医疗服务供给的公平性和效率性,实现全民均可享有的高质量的免费医疗服务。     

“良法善治”思想指引下卫生健康行政处罚思维模式探讨

目的:为更好地推进卫生健康行政执法法治化建设,探索"良法善治"思想指引下的全新卫生健康行政处罚思维模式,以适应新时代依法治国精神的需要。方法:通过对党的十八届四中全会以来提出的"良法善治"治国理念进行研究,结合卫生健康执法实践中发现的问题,探索建立该思想指导下的卫生健康行政处罚思维模式。结论:提出以行政法基本原理和基本原则为基础,在法律规定范畴内,结合行政管理实际,多角度权衡,对拟做出的处罚决定进行价值预判的多元卫生健康行政处罚思维模式。     

新冠疫情背景下中国的公共卫生外交:成就、困难与进一步推进的路径

新冠疫情治理需要国际社会加强合作,公共卫生外交是促进各国进行公共卫生合作、建立疫情全球防线的关键举措。通过开展公共卫生外交,一方面,中国争取了世界卫生组织和国际社会的支持和帮助,满足了中国抗击国内新冠疫情形势的需要;另一方面,中国凭借丰硕的抗疫成果在全球树立了典范,通过对国际社会进行疫情通报、经验沟通、技术合作和医疗援助,推动了人类卫生健康共同体理念的传播,守护了全球疫情防线。同时也应注意到,国家层面公共卫生安全战略的不完善、一些西方国家的大国博弈旧思维,以及各国公共卫生治理理念与能力的差异等问题对中国当前的公共卫生外交提出了挑战。对此,中国应尽快完善国家公共卫生安全战略,秉承人类卫生健康共同体理念,大力推进全球公共卫生外交并积极贡献卫生公共产品,以巩固新冠疫情防控的全球战线。     

浅论医疗投诉之法律监督与权利救济

医疗机构、医务人员和患者是医疗卫生法律明确规定的利益共同体,但从部分法院近期裁判情况看,各地在认定患者是否具备行政诉讼原告资格方面存在明显差异。结合新《行政诉讼法》调整原告资格的双重背景和最高人民法院裁判精神,在医患关系有待改善和卫生执法水平尚待提高的情况下,应充分肯定患者与医疗投诉处理结果的利害关系,以发挥司法审判和复议审查在推动提升卫生执法水平与保障群众健康权益方面的双轮驱动作用。     

重大突发公共卫生危机下的药品专利强制许可——现实需要、伦理因应与法律安排

新型冠状病毒肺炎于2019年底在我国爆发并迅速扩散,引发了全国性的重大突发公共卫生危机。为实现特效专利药品的充分供给,实施药品专利强制许可是最为高效的选择,不仅可以消解药品专利市场运营中所固有的“反公有地”悲剧,同时也可以有效规避药品专利国际合作中技术劫持与贸易倾轧。对于以人为本的主体性原则和与人为善的有益性原则两项伦理准则的遵循,保证了药品专利强制许可实施的伦理正义;而对于药品专利强制许可申请主体扩展和药品专利强制许可补偿标准细化两项法律完善举措的采取,则使我国药品专利强制许可机制克服了自身缺陷,能够在实践中有序运行,为重大突发公共卫生危机的化解提供制度支撑。