Direct PCR Improves the Recovery of DNA from Various Substrates

This study reports on the comparison of a standard extraction process with the direct PCR approach of processing low-level DNA swabs typical in forensic investigations. Varying concentrations of control DNA were deposited onto three commonly encountered substrates, brass, plastic, and glass, left to dry, and swabbed using premoistened DNA-free nylon FLOQswabs^™. Swabs (n = 90) were either processed using the DNA IQ^™ kit or, for direct PCR, swab fibers (~2 mm²) were added directly to the PCR with no prior extraction. A significant increase in the height of the alleles (p < 0.005) was observed when using the direct PCR approach over the extraction methodology when controlling for surface type and mass of DNA deposited. The findings indicate the potential use of direct PCR for increasing the PCR product obtained from low-template DNA samples in addition to minimizing contamination and saving resources.     

浅析沙特阿拉伯在国际气候变化谈判中的立场与策略

在应对气候变化的谈判中,作为世界上最大的产油国,沙特阿拉伯的立场十分引人注目。应对气候变化的措施对石油生产构成了制约,对沙特的经济发展也产生了负面影响。基于此,沙特确定了它在应对气候变化国际谈判中的基本立场。但由于自身的影响难以左右谈判的发展方向,因此该国时常采用同步前进、反复宣传负面影响、推迟谈判、对程序性规则作出自己的解释等杯葛策略,来表达和维护自己在气候谈判中的利益和诉求。     

论禁止不利变更原则在行政复议中的适用

《行政复议法实施条例》第51条规定的禁止不利变更原则,是行政复议制度的一大创新。禁止不利变更原则的产生主要基于对公民申请权的保护以及国家权力对个人权利的谦抑。基于禁止不利变更原则的法理依据,应该注意该原则的适用;针对适用中可能会出现的难点问题,应该制定相应的应对方案。当原行政行为违反了国家的强制性规定而适用了错误的法律、法规或出现了紧急状态时可以不适用该原则,但同时应当对申请人进行必要的救济。     

开设"110"短信报警探究

随着改革的深化与进一步的对外开放,特别是加入WTO之后,国内治安形势不容乐观.为有效控制犯罪,要求"110"报警系统必须作出快速反应,尽可能缩短现场反应时间.在手机普及、短信得到普遍运用并将进一步发展的条件下,开设"110"短信报警系统具有十分重要的现实意义.     

中国人p33.6位点的扩增片段长度多态性

用PCR、小型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染法对小卫星区域p33.6(D1S111)位点的扩增片段长度多态性(Amp—FLP)进行分析和对100例无关中国人p33.6位点的等位基因频率进行调查及数据处理,发现该位点核心序列重复数从9到22之间的全部14个等位基因,片段长度分布于435～925bp之间,基因频率为0.5～35.5％,杂合度为76％。对6个家系共22名相关个体进行分析,符合孟德尔遗传定律;对人体各种不同组织DNA进行该位点的分析,显示出高度的一致性。该位点适用于法医学上的个人识别以及亲子鉴定。     

PCR扩增ZFY/ZFX基因鉴定人类干血痕性别

应用 PCR 技术同时扩增人 ZFY 和 ZFX 基因特异的 DNA 序列,在男性血痕中可检测到两种扩增产物,即340bp 长的 ZFY 基因及488bp 长的 ZFX 基因特异 DNA 片段;在女性血痕中仅可检测到488bp 长的 ZFX 基因特异 DNA 片段,据此判定干血痕性别。干血痕的最小检出需要量为0.125μl 血液量的血痕。室温保存10年的血痕可以准确判定性别。ZFY 基因位于 Y 染色体短臂。本方法同时检测两条性染色体,可以避免由于扩增失败或 Y 染色体长臂变异出现的假阴性或假阳性。扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳即可区分。     

Medical negligence in drug associated deaths

According to epidemiological studies adverse drug events are one of the most frequently encountered complications during medical treatment, a leading cause of hospitalisation and frequent cause of death. However, medical malpractice claims due to medication errors seem to be relatively rare. Based on a retrospective multicentre study on medical malpractice cases with lethal outcome (n = 4450), drug related cases (n = 575) were further evaluated. In 50% of cases a causal connection between drug therapy and death could be ruled out already after autopsy. In 232 cases a causal connection between drug therapy and death could be approved (drug allergies, relative overdose, wrong application, mix-up of drugs and sepsis after injection abscess). However, within the legal context only in 70 cases a medication error was approved which was in 42 cases causal for death, in 28 not. Administration of contraindicated drugs, incorrect application and relative overdose in renal insufficiency are the prevalent mistakes. Concerning the frequency of ADE in epidemiological studies medication errors are underreported in all data sources on medical malpractice; this seems to be due to the fact that even doctors and attending physicians rarely recognize an ADE; furthermore approving the connection between drug effect and death is extremely difficult for the expert witness.     

关于知识产权案件审判的几点思考

近年来，我国知识产权案件数量快速增长，知识产权案件审判发展也十分迅速。随着各种新技术的发展，知识产权案件审判所面临的新问题更是层出不穷。面对这样的挑战，解决好纷繁复杂的案件需要回归基本概念和原理、综合考虑法律适用问题，并适当借鉴和吸收一些域外的先进经验。     

Regional aid to global disaster： Review EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism

In the era of globalization, capital, labour and even market can come in and out freely and internationally. So is a disaster. Of course, a disaster did happen in one place, but its impact carries both in domestic and abroad. For avoiding abroad disaster, European Community decides to create a mechanism to manage this issue and preserve EU interest. According to Council Regulation No. 381/2001, the Rapid Reaction Mechanism needs triggering in order to stabilize society when crisis or disaster occurs in the beneficiary countries. Precisely speaking, this mechanism differs from other crisis management means, which merely focused on rehabilitation after disaster happened or prevented crisis before. Instead, Rapid Reaction Mechanism not only involves in crisis management, but also stops carrying on damage to human beings. In fact, EU creates this mechanism in order to prevent ongoing small or medium crisis to escalate into uncontrolled catastrophe, armed conflict or war. In addition, this mechanism observes the situation, and decides to employ what instrument to constrain crisis and what partner to cooperate in crisis management. It can be denied that EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism carries out great effort during restoration of broken society or country. Nevertheless, it is obvious to rethink EU Reaction Mechanism in next generation. Obviously, both aid includes money and labour, and EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism cost highly. This research argues that EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism is not only subject to be a giver, but also to be a receiver in the future. Moreover, this mechanism needs adapting itself to receive aid from the third countries or international organizations. In addition, this mechanism can take global aid to deal with European regions＇ problems. This research argues to touch up EU Rapid Reaction Mechanism in order to release financial burden from EU member states. Moreover, EU member states can learn lesson from the third countries or international organizations during crisis management. Therefore, this rese     

论我国亟待建立的预防接种不良反应补偿救济机制

因预防接种不良反应发生的医疗纠纷时有发生,但是因为相关的法律问题缺少理论层面的探讨,也缺少明确法律依据,导致司法实践中量裁不一。同时,由于预防接种不良反应各方均无过错,所以往往在赔偿上也只能“点到为止”,被接种人虽受损害,却无法通过诉讼途径得到相当的经济利益。笔者对预防接种的法律关系、预防接种不良反应的概念、预防接种不良反应的归责原则进行探讨,并提出建立预防接种不良反应补偿救济机制的方案。