国人六个高变DNA位点的基因频率分布

使用6个单位点探针，用Southern印迹杂交技术研究了国人的D2S44，D17S79，D14S13，D14S1，DXYS14及D18S27等位点的基因频率分布。发现它们的DNA指纹图均具高度多态性，等位基因数27～107个。非父排除率（EPP）分别为0．8407、0．7691、0．9792、0．9040、0．9400及0．8177，累积非父排除率为0．99999；个人识别能力（DP）分别为0.9880、0.9766，0.9996，0.9961，0.9973及0．9338，累积个人识别能力接近1，故可作为亲子鉴定及个人识别非常有力的工具。此外还对单位点探针的优缺点进行了讨论。     

价格歧视行为的反垄断法分析

支配企业从事价格歧视如果产生了排斥竞争的效果,可能会构成反垄断法上所禁止的滥用行为。在进行反垄断审查时,首先须依据价格歧视的构成要件对行为进行定性,然后须进行复杂的经济分析来对该行为的竞争损害与其可能产生的效率进行权衡,从而判明是否应予禁止,并在这一原则指导下,针对各种具体歧视方式形成更具操作性的判断标准。这些研究是有效实施我国《反垄断法》第17条（6）所必需的理论基础。     

不当得利与财产性犯罪的区分认定——以实际疑难案例为分析样本

由于社会现象的纷繁复杂,使得民事不法与刑事不法交错相生,难以正确地加以界分。在对一些疑难案例的分析认定过程中,往往会涉及多种侵犯财产利益的不法行为,不当得利与财产性犯罪的界限模糊不清。对不当得利与财产性犯罪的区分认定,应当在其一般理论的基础上,以行为对象为切入角度,进而依据权属关系的变动情况来认定行为人的主观方面和客观行为,最终确定该不法行为的性质。     

Poor relief and families in nineteenth-century Ireland and Italy

This article examines the extent to which poor relief supported families and households in two contrasting European (and predominantly Roman Catholic) countries, Ireland and Italy, over the long nineteenth century. The main focus of the article is on the poor law in Ireland and the extent to which it provided support to families and households. While nuclear and extended families dominated household structures in late nineteenth-century Ireland (at least in rural areas), we show that by 1900, the majority of persons supported in workhouses were single. However, outdoor relief also formed an important part of the Irish poor law system and data on the household composition of persons supported is not available from official sources. Drawing on a data-matching exercise for one poor law union, this article suggests that the household structure of persons on outdoor relief may have been more complex than the official data would indicate and, in contrast to indoor relief, much more representative of overall household structures. In order to put these findings in context we compare the Irish approach with that adopted in Italy.     

Families,Foreignness, Migration

Introducing the special issue on ‘Families, Foreignness and Migration. Now and Then’, this essay starts from the observation that in Western Europe migrating with or without one's family in the last century was increasingly shaped by state policies. As a result, migrants' identities and family experiences not only depended, and still depend, on their cultural backgrounds but also on very time-specific politics of foreignness and citizenship. The essay's main argument is that comparing and deconstructing perceptions, policies and practices of ‘family’ and migration help to overcome the limited attention given to age and kin in the study of gender and migration. From an overview of contributions to this interdisciplinary issue, it is clear that deconstructing ‘family’ in migration studies should be developed further along three axes: child migration, the multi-level analysis of family and migration, including societies of origin and migrant organizations, and the comparison of ‘visible’ and ‘invisible’ migrants, which contributes to uncovering the relationship between foreignness, gender and age.     

Regional standardization in the age at marriage

Age at marriage is an important issue in family, population, and socioeconomic history as well as in cultural anthropology. In preindustrial Japan, regional differences in inheritance customs determined the regional diversity of marriage patterns. The age at marriage in preindustrial Germany also showed a regional diversity, but compared to Japan, it was standardized within the European marriage pattern. The author contends that there were two different patterns of standardization in marriage behavior in Germany, one being the historical consequence of official institutionalization and the other occurring as a process on a macroeconomic level and resulting in a concentration of age at marriage around a mean age. The distribution of the ages at marriage and its historical change in this context is an important variable for the analysis of marriage behavior.     

The Punitive Repertoire of Children's Homes and Reformatories

Although equality before the law is one of the fundamental principles of modern democracy, current Western research has shown that discrimination exists within the justice system when enforcing traditional crimes. However, in Scandinavian research on economic crime, the question of equal treatment has been neglected. Based on Swedish data of suspected offenders during 2003, we examined whether different social groups received differential treatment in investigations of traditional and economic crimes. Further, we compared the Regular Police with the Economic Crimes Bureau (ECB) to examine whether the professional specialization of street-level bureaucrats influence the occurrence of differential treatment. We also examined the efficiency of the authorities and more specifically to what extent they issue a waiver of prosecution, a prosecutor's fine, or a court indictment. Besides supporting earlier research on traditional crime, our results show that differential treatment also exists in relation to economic crime, but the patterns of differential treatment are not identical with the ones for traditional crimes. We also found that the two agencies, the ECB and the Regular Police, treat diverse social groups differently. Although the ECB is somewhat more efficient, professional specialization does not appear to be an important factor concerning the issue of differential treatment. It exists regardless of investigating authority. Further action is being taken more often in relation to men and those with a lower level of education at both agencies. However, in some cases the suspect's background does have a different effect on the work of the two agencies, with the ECB less often taking further action against ‘Swedes’ and those on ‘high incomes’, while the Regular Police less often take further action against ‘immigrants’ and those on ‘low and middle incomes’.     

Hunting the Elusive Young Voter

Abstract

It is generally assumed that mobilizing young voters is infeasible. This belief can be broken into two separate questions: (1) Are young people responsive to Get Out The Vote appeals? (2) Is it possible to deliver the message to the intended audience? By pooling together the results of six GOTV field experiments, this paper demonstrates that young voters are equally responsive to blandishments to vote as mature voters, but that they are roughly three times more difficult to contact.