Career Paths and Choices in a Highly Differentiated Profession: The Position of Newly Qualified Solicitors

Differences in the working lives of solicitors have become increasingly marked in recent years. Growing numbers of lawyers are employed in the public and corporate sectors and, with the increasing size and wealth of City of London commercial firms, there are significant differences between these firms and those 'high-street' firms that serve local communities. These differences impact on lawyers throughout training and beyond, both in terms of rites of passage into the profession and in conditions of employment. This research, the final stage in a longitudinal survey spanning the 1990s, combines quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the reactions of newly qualified solicitors to their work. Building on the project's previous surveys, which charted the nature of disadvantage suffered by many prospective entrants to the legal profession, the research finds a large measure of satisfaction regarding careers. It also identifies causes for concern, including increasing specialisation in legal education and the potential separation of the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards of professional practice.     

单克隆抗体酶联免疫吸附抑制试验测定精斑G2m（n）因子

人类免疫球蛋白同种异型(human immunoglobulin allotypes)包括Gm、Km及Am等系统.在法医学实践中可用于个人识别和亲子鉴定.关于人精液中同种异型因子的检测报道极少,我们应用抗G2m(n)因子的检测国内外均未见报道,我     

20世纪末社会主义的"隆中对"--纪念邓小平南方谈话发表10周年

1992年春,邓小平同志视察南方三省四市,行万里路,与地方领导多次谈话,深切关注社会主义的前途命运问题。这就是20世纪90年代影响深远的社会主义“隆中对”。它回答了当代社会主义发展的一系列重大问题。     

What kind of ‘generalized’ systems of preferences?

Relations between Developed and Developing Countries are constantly being subjected to new and increasingly challenging situations, but there is a generally held belief that Developing Countries should be treated differently. However, both the nature and the extent of this differential treatment are sensitive issues. Against this background, this article examines Generalized Systems of Preferences as unilateral instruments for development cooperation, and considers the problems caused by the discretionary nature with which they have traditionally been implemented. JEL Classification K33 · F13 · F18 · F02 · J80 This article expands on the author’s research included in the papers presented to the XX Session of the Spanish Association of Professors of International Law and International Relations, Jaen, September 2003, and to the Conference on North and South Dimensions on Trade and Environment, Amsterdam, November 2004, organised within the framework of the concerted action on trade and environment (CAT & E), financed by the EU-UNER, contract no. EV K2-CT-2002-20017. This field of study forms part of the author’s contribution to the Project ‘La incidencia de la globalización en los procedimientos de creación y aplicación de Derecho Internacional’, financed by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Technology, SPGC, project number BJU2003-04240.     

群体污名意识的建构过程——农民工子女“被歧视感”的质性研究

农民工子女是当前中国社会变迁背景下的新生群体,城市的生活使他们建构起对自我群体的意识和群体认同。本研究将从群体过程或发展的角度出发,基于社会认同理论,分析农民工子女被歧视感这一群体污名意识形成和建构的过程。     

Woodcock v Cumbria Primary Care Trust: The Objective Justification Test for Age Discrimination

This note discusses the limits to the defence of objective justification when applied to direct age discrimination, specifically with regard to situations where the employer attempts to rely on cost‐saving as a legitimate aim. The author examines the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (formerly the European Court of Justice, ECJ) on which this case relies, and considers whether the defence has been interpreted too widely, opening up the possibility of cost‐saving as a defence to discrimination on the grounds of this particular protected characteristic. The note concludes that, while cost‐saving cannot be the sole justification for less favourable treatment by employers, it may nevertheless form part of an overall legitimate aim when coupled with additional factors.     

第三部门与社会支持网络的构建——以受歧视和污名人群为例

伴随着我国各项改革的深入和社会转型,国家发生了许多深刻的变化,取得了巨大的成就,同时也滋生了许多社会不和谐因素,比如歧视和污名问题.改革开放既为中国第三部门创造了巨大的发展空间,也使污名和歧视问题日益严峻,导致改革面临重重困境.针对这一问题的研究有助于社会发展和经济发展的顺利进行.在对这一群体构建支持网络的过程中,明显地显现政府失灵和市场失灵,而新兴的第三部门介入该领域成为必要和可能.欲将第三部门与污名和歧视问题结合起来,以第三部门发展所取得的成就为突破口来寻求该问题的解决不失为一种新的途径.通过对目前该领域中第三部门的经验获得、问题所在、未来发展和建议意见等方面的探讨,旨在促进我国歧视和污名现象的减弱和第三部门的完善与发展.     

浅析我国柔性退休年龄政策效应

加世纪80年代以来，随着人口老龄化进程的不断加快、人口预期寿命延长以及经济增长速度的放慢，养老和就业问题面临更加严峻的形势。在权衡养老和就业问题之间，调整退休年龄的话题成为社会各界争论的焦点。由于退休年龄提前以及退休年龄延后所产生的结果，远无法达到人们预期所想要的效果，甚至还出现了反效应。借鉴西方国家的弹性退休政策，提出柔性退休年龄，并论证其重要性和可行性，阐述逐步实行柔性退休年龄政策才是解决中国当前面临问题的重要措施。     

Reemerging religiosity: the mainstreaming of new spirituality in Estonia

Due to historical-cultural factors, Estonians answer that religion occupies a low level of importance in response to European and global surveys. Nonetheless, new spiritualities, rather than scientific materialism, have become increasingly influential in Estonia. Based on material from quantitative and qualitative studies, this article identifies indicators of the changing understandings about spiritual-alternative ideas and practices in Estonia and analyzes the tactics spiritual practitioners use to legitimize their worldviews. The study argues that “fuzzy spirituality” is the dominant mode of religiosity in Estonia and challenges researchers to find new methods and theoretical approaches to study religions.     

The impact of real Estate Market knowledge on tenure choice: A comparison of black and white households

Abstract

Homeownership is an important social and financial achievement for most U.S. households. Various explanations have been offered for the large and persistent gap in the ownership rates of black and white households, but studies have consistently fallen short of identifying all of the causes.

The data we used were derived from a survey of the residents of the Columbus, OH, area. We argue that differences in real estate market knowledge and information affect the tenure choice decisions of black and white households. We estimate a model that is augmented to include a measure of real estate knowledge and find that additional knowledge increases the likelihood of homeownership. This holds even when we account for the endogeneity of such knowledge. We conclude that differences in real estate knowledge contribute to explaining the racial gap in homeownership rates, a finding that can be addressed through public policy interventions such as counseling programs.