“The Color of Money” revisited: Racial lending patterns in Atlanta's neighborhoods

Abstract

In 1988, the Atlanta Journal‐Constitution published “The Color of Money,” an influential series examining mortgage redlining in Atlanta. The articles documented wide lending disparities between white and black neighborhoods of similar income levels. Given sweeping changes in housing finance since 1988, we seek to determine whether Atlanta's racial geographic disparities in mortgage lending have changed.

Analysis of 1992 to 1996 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data reveals slight improvement. Atlanta's depository lenders made 4.2 times as many conventional home purchase loans per owner‐occupied unit to middle‐income white neighborhoods as they did to middle‐income black neighborhoods; a decade earlier, this ratio was 5.2. Nondepositories post lower ratios, particularly for Federal Housing Administration‐insured loans, but this market segment raises concerns because of potential abuses. By the indicator of most enduring theoretical and policy interest—conventional home purchase lending by depositories—the patterns that aroused concern a decade ago are still evident today.     

The Determinants of Gender Differences in Income in Trinidad and Tobago

The present study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the causes of gender income differentials. The findings suggest that such differentials are not well explained by differences in levels of human capital and other measured factors valued by the labour market. This result is robust to the disaggregation of the data into African, Indian and Other ethnic groups thereby raising the possibility of gender discrimination. African and Indian women's incomes would increase by over 20 per cent with the returns to the measured factors of their male, ethnic counterparts. Women would benefit from having men's industry distribution of jobs, but not men's occupational distribution. African women appear to be significantly more disadvantaged relative to their male counterparts than are Indian or Other women.     

希腊化王国的女主政治现象

在希腊化时期各王国的君主制统治中,有一特殊的政治现象,即一些女王当政或王后专权。这一现象的出现不仅与君主制政体的确立有关,还受历史传统因素的影响,更与这些王后对权力的热衷密切相关。三大希腊化王国的女主政治虽然存在程度的差别,但也具有相同的特征。这一政治现象不仅影响了本王国的统治格局,还对希腊化世界的历史产生了深远影响。     

Accuracy of developing tooth length as an estimate of age in human skeletal remains: the deciduous dentition

Dental age assessments are widely used to estimate age of immature skeletal remains. Most methods have relied on fractional stages of tooth emergence and formation, particularly of the permanent dentition, for predicting the age of infants and very young children. In this study, the accuracy of regression equations of developing deciduous tooth length for age estimation (Liversidge et al.) is tested on a sample of 30 Portuguese subadult skeletons of known age at death. Overall the method shows high accuracy and the average difference between estimated and chronological age is between 0.20 and -0.14 years when using single teeth, and 0.06 years, when using all available teeth. However, there is a tendency for the deciduous molars to provide overestimates of chronological age. Results show that age estimates can be obtained within +/-0.10 years with a 95% confidence interval when several teeth are used. Overall between-tooth agreement in age estimates decreases with increasing age but there is less variability of estimates with more teeth contributing to overall mean age. One seemingly limitation of this method may be the fact that it was developed by combining the maxillary and mandibular teeth. The other is related to the accuracy with which radiographic tooth length can be used as a valid surrogate for actual tooth length. Nevertheless, the advantages of this metric method surpass the limitations of chronologies based on stages of dental development.     

Age determination of blood spots in forensic medicine by force spectroscopy

We present a new tool for the estimation of the age of bloodstains, which could probably be used during forensic casework. For this, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) for high-resolution imaging of erythrocytes in a blood sample and the detection of elasticity changes on a nanometer scale. For the analytic procedure we applied a fresh blood spot on a glass slide and started the AFM detection after drying of the blood drop. In a first step, an overview image was generated showing the presence of several red blood cells, which could easily be detected due to their typical "doughnut-like" appearance. The consecutively morphological investigations in a timeframe of 4 weeks could not show any alterations. Secondly, AFM was used to test the elasticity by recording force-distance curves. The measurements were performed immediately after drying, 1.5 h, 30 h and 31 days. The conditions were kept constant at room temperature (20 degrees C) and a humidity of 30%. The obtained elasticity parameters were plotted against a timeline and repeated several times. The elasticity pattern showed a decrease over time, which are most probably influenced by the alteration of the blood spot during the drying and coagulation process. The preliminary data demonstrates the capacity of this method to use it for development of calibration curves, which can be used for estimation of bloodstain ages during forensic investigations.     

从习水性侵害幼女案谈嫖宿幼女罪的适用

嫖宿幼女罪是从强奸罪中分离出来的一个新罪名,两者之间存在法条竞合关系。当行为人嫖宿幼女具有一般情节时,应适用嫖宿幼女罪。当嫖宿行为具有符合强奸罪的加重情节时,虽然强奸罪的最高法定刑比嫖宿幼女罪为重,但综合考量强奸罪的法定刑排列顺序、嫖宿人的主观意图、幼女的过错等方面,以强奸罪论处的刑罚并不意味着比嫖宿幼女罪为重,因嫖宿幼女罪的特殊规定性,以嫖宿幼女罪论处更为合理。行为人以嫖宿的方式与幼女发生性关系,不论是否明知该幼女是被强迫卖淫的,只要自己未实施该强迫行为,都应以嫖宿幼女罪论处,同时也不构成强迫卖淫罪的共犯。     

爱情=跳蚤?——浅析多恩诗作中的女性歧视思想

约翰·多恩作为玄学派的先驱者之一,在当时英国社会潜在的父权制的影响之下,他的多首爱情诗作中都体现了男权中心主义对女性的歧视和贬抑。在他的爱情诗《别离辞:节哀》、《歌》及《跳蚤》等诗作中以不同方式对女性进行歪曲和压抑,他坚信女性是从属于男性的,也不相信女性“永远忠诚”之类的说法。本文对这几首诗进行了分析,以此揭露多恩基于男权中心主义思想导致的根深蒂固的女性歧视思想。     

互联网时代乡村振兴战略的路径选择——基于梅家坞村的调查研究

新一代信息技术和网络技术,正重塑乡村社会文化经济生态链。互联网带来的信息高速流通、思维变革,对此前在信息获取处于弱势地位的乡村带来系列影响。文章运用文献研究、问卷调查及半结构式访谈方法,通过对西湖区梅家坞村的个案解读与剖析,呈现梅家坞村社会经济和产业协作状况,论述互联网在农民生产、消费、交易和娱乐方式等方面引发的变革,并发现当前梅家坞村存在产业协作低、生产周期性漫长、文化缺失等问题,再由经济、社会、文化三个维度,探讨乡村新经济范式下梅家坞村如何构建经济-社会-文化共同体,如何以产业化带动乡村治理现代化。互联网时代梅家坞的社会经济发展,对其他地区乡村振兴也具有一定借鉴意义。     

The Trump Effect,Children, and the Value of Human Rights Education

Since launching his presidential campaign, Donald Trump's rhetoric has often been divisive as well as demeaning of selected groups. This article examines the impact of Trump's rhetoric on children and their communities and explores the role that human rights education can play in responding to Trump and forging broader support for human rights. The article reviews the research on human rights education and considers how human rights education can be embedded in broader efforts to educate children. Using children's literature as a case study, the article argues for the importance of mainstreaming human rights education and meeting children where they are, in order to foster greater recognition of and respect for the rights of all individuals.     

A generalization of the obligation to prevent: From genocide convention to racial discrimination convention

The decision of the International Court of Justice in the case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (“Genocide Convention”) highlights states’ obligations under the Convention, especially the obligation to prevent. When it comes to the case concerning the International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“Racial Discrimination Convention”), the decision of the Court indicating provisional measures seemingly purported to generalize its jurisprudence in the Genocide Case. By elaborating this kind of new jurisprudence, the Court echoed to the responsibility to protect, as well as to Article 48 and Article 54 of the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (“Draft Articles of State Responsibility”). It appears that each State Party should have an obligation to intervene in the coming genocide incidence, perhaps as well as in the coming racial discrimination cases. Nevertheless it is unclear in what manner a state could implement it effectively.