Dynamics of democratization and nationalization: the significance of women’s suffrage and women’s political participation in parliament in the Second Polish Republic

This paper will examine processes of democratization and “nationalization” with specific reference to the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita) and the interwar period. Starting from a consideration of broader theoretical concepts concerning transformation processes and their relation to the analytical categories of gender and ethnicity, it will discuss the introduction of political rights for women in 1918 as a case study for the role women’s suffrage played in the process of democratization. A closer examination of the activity of three selected female members of parliament – a Polish, Jewish, and Ukrainian MP – in the Polish parliament will help to clarify if and how gender and ethnicity mattered in political institutions. It is argued that especially their speeches, by addressing specifically political demands in a certain way, that is, how they spoke in the name of their sex, nation, and ethnicity, show a close interlinkage between democratization and nationalization during the Second Polish Republic. From this will emerge a more general outlook on the extent to which the recognition of women’s suffrage molded the basis for equality between women and men, and if the legally guaranteed equality really included all citizens of the Polish state.     

中国大陆佛教女性研究述评

本文回顾了中国佛教女性研究的缘起和发展,并从佛教的女性观、佛教女性主体两个方面,对该领域国内的研究现状进行了归纳和评述。     

旅游发展与东道主女性——一个性别视角的研究综述

本文选取了旅游目的地发展过程中东道主社会权力关系变化及作为旅游吸引物的东道主女性两个角度,分别从理论和案例研究两个方面进行了分析。研究认为,一方面,旅游发展给东道主社会经济、社会文化和环境等方面带来了许多变化,特别是由于东道主女性在旅游就业中有一定的优势,随着其在家庭经济收入所占份额的增加,东道主社会的权力关系也发生变化。另一方面,东道主女性又是可以被"消费"的旅游吸引物的一部分,在这里,东道主女性在某种意义上已经被"物化",这一点在旅游形象代言人和东道主女性的舞台化表演中得到了说明。     

中国少数民族女子高等教育现状探析与对策研究

少数民族女子是中华民族大家庭中的重要成员,其接受高等教育的状况至今鲜有人研究。本文以汉族女子、全国女性及少数民族男子作为参照物,以教育机会均等为突破口,揭示少数民族女子接受高等教育的现状与问题,并进行原因探析和对策研究。     

托尔斯泰作品中女性地位初探

托尔斯泰作品中的女性形象鲜活生动,在世界文学史中占有重要地位。从这一系列女性的遭遇和历史所赋予她们的不同命运来分析其历史必然性和个体的悲剧性。女性的社会角色和地位是历史发展的反映,因此,研究托尔斯泰时期女性地位的历史印记和女性个体的命运抗争,更好地反映俄国资产阶级萌芽时期的社会现状,证明女性的生活自主权、社会地位和经济自主权之间的关系。     

企业女职工维权工作刍议

女职工特殊利益与合法权益维护存在现实问题,搞好女工维权工作,企业工会和女工组织责无旁贷。一方面要完善维护机制,另一方面女职工要不断提高自身素质,增强维权意识,以确保维权工作的落实。     

再论中国抗日战争是十四年

20世纪 30至 40年代发生的中国抗日战争 ,应是 14年而非 8年。日本对中国大规模的侵略战争 ,是从 1931年 9月 18日发动沈阳事变、侵占中国东北就开始的。与此相应 ,中国军民也从那时就开始了反抗日本侵略的军事斗争与救亡运动。从1931年“九一八”事变到 1937年“七七”事变这 6年局部抗战 ,与此后 8年的全面抗战 ,共同构成了中国人民伟大的抗日战争史     

Single and Married Women in the Law of Israel – a Feminist Perspective

This paper examines the ways Israeli law differentiates betweensingle and married women. The first section explores the littlewe know of single women and single mothers' realities. The secondsection analyses Israeli laws related to military service,housing assistance, homemakers' status in the social securitysystem, ways of becoming a mother, and public support formothers. The legal analysis reveals complex distinctions betweensingle and married women ranging from ignoring single women whenthey have no children and encouraging them to marry, toambivalence towards single women who want to conceive, and ontosubstantial public support for single women who are alreadymothers. The article points to directions of change needed so thelaw will adequately address single women's choices and needs.     

Women in Contemporary Democratization

Over the past two decades authoritarian regimes in many parts of the developing world, as well as in East/Central Europe, have been replaced by democracies. This paper looks at the issue of democratization from a gender perspective. While many of the problems afflicting the new democracies, such as the elitist character of political parties, and the failure of the state to guarantee civil and political rights or make a significant dent in poverty affect all citizens, they are manifested and experienced in gender-specific ways. Women's persistent exclusion from formal politics, in particular, raises a number of specific questions about how to reform democratic institutions since these institutions are not automatically gender-equitable.     

Conduct Problems Among Children at Battered Women's Shelters: Prevalence and Stability of Maternal Reports

The present research was designed to (1) replicate prevalence estimates of clinical levels of conduct problems in a large (n = 401) sample of children residing at a shelter for battered women, and (2) assess the stability of mothers' reports of child conduct problems following shelter departure. According to mothers' reports on standardized questionnaires and diagnostic interviews obtained during shelter residence, approximately one third of the children between 4 and 10 years of age exhibited clinical levels of conduct problems. Prior research has demonstrated elevated maternal distress during shelter residence and suggests that such distress may influence mothers' reports of child conduct problems. To examine this issue, a subset of families with children exhibiting clinical levels of conduct problems (n = 68) was reassessed following their shelter departure. Mothers' reports of child conduct problems remained stable despite significant reductions in mothers' distress after shelter exit.