论船舶油污损害的损失分担

船舶油污损害损失分担是指由导致油污损害的船舶所有人、石油进口商和船旗国等主体,按照一定的归责原则和赔偿序位,对船舶跨界油污损害的受害者所遭受的损失分担赔偿义务的法律机制。从20世纪60年代末开始,国际社会逐步建立了船舶油污损害损失分担的制度模式,确立了民事责任人的限额民事责任和石油进口方的限额赔偿义务,但没有涉及船旗国的国际赔偿责任。从船舶油污损害损失分担的概念入手,对现行分担船舶油污损害损失的主体及其局限性进行分析,论述建立有船旗国参与的船舶油污损害三级赔偿机制的基本框架及其意义。     

船舶油污损害公约在中国的适用问题研究

根据国际法理论,条约在内国法上的效力由一国国内法予以规定。面对目前中国国内法规定对于船舶油污损害公约在中国的适用位阶和适用边界并不明确的问题,一种适当的解释方法应当是:与船舶油污法规相比,在中国,船舶油污损害公约应当优先适用,并且这种优先效力当然及于涉外情形。不过在非涉外情形下,立法意旨和倾向表明国内法应当予以适用。     

Measuring State Environmental Policy

Studies of environmental policy employ various empirical strategies for measuring state environmental effort. The majority of these strategies can be divided into four categories: indices of state programmatic indicators, government expenditures, pollution abatement costs, and regulatory enforcement actions. In this article, we argue that these measures are empirically distinct, capture different attributes of state environmental policy, and are correlated with different intrastate factors. Thus, the choice among environmental policy measures is substantively important for researchers to consider, and we conclude by providing advice to scholars concerning choosing among these measures.     

Has the Clean Air Interstate Rule Fulfilled Its Mission? An Assessment of Federal Rule‐Making in Preventing Regional Spillover Pollution

The Environmental Protection Agency developed the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) to minimize sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from power plants and prevent pollution spillover into downwind states. While observers of CAIR claim success in the reduction of air pollution, our innovative multivariate statistical analysis based on spatial and facility‐level panel data finds mixed results concerning the rule's effectiveness. On the one hand, we find that CAIR facilities are associated with increases in the reduction rate of pollution compared to non‐CAIR facilities. However, the evidence suggests that sulfur dioxide levels decreased in CAIR‐mandated facilities before the actual implementation of the program. Additionally, on the one hand, CAIR facilities in the interior of states are associated with slower pollution reduction rates than those on the border. However, this difference in reduction rate does not change dramatically before or after the adoption or implementation of this rule. This suggests that the CAIR program was ineffective in targeting specific facilities most likely to contribute to interstate pollution. We conclude that while CAIR spurred the electrical utility industry to reduce air pollution, some of these reductions occurred before the actual implementation of the program. More substantially, gains in interstate spillover pollution did not occur by targeting specific facilities most likely to spillover but rather through the overall reduction of air pollution in the eastern states.     

Organized elite power and clean energy: A study of negative policy experimentations with renewable portfolio standards

Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) is one of the most widely adopted clean energy policies in the U.S. However, organized elite power groups, backed by ample political and economic resources, have been known to lead RPS termination efforts. In the context of state renewable energy politics, organized elite power includes legislators affiliated with American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and anti-renewable energy business groups. Focusing on the roles of organized elite power, this study investigates the drivers of the formulation of RPS rollback (goal freeze) and termination bills, which we refer to collectively as negative policy experimentations. We find that RPS termination attempts are explained by the presence of ALEC legislators and anti-renewable energy business groups, whereas RPS goal freeze bills are better explained by conditions of policy operations. This study contributes to the policy process theory by providing critical insights into the post adoption decisions, including policy termination and rollback legislations, with a focus on the role of organized elite power.     

试论GATS框架下新一轮空运服务谈判及我国的对策

在2001年WTO多哈部长会议启动的新一轮服务贸易谈判中,空运服务谈判成为世人瞩目的焦点。本文先对乌拉圭回合有关空运服务谈判成果作出简要回顾,并对新一轮谈判的背景作出分析。在此基础上,对新一轮空运服务谈判的各方观点与谈判前景作出预测。最后,针对WTO规则对我国空运服务进一步对外开放的要求提出若干对策。     

突发性环境污染事件中的环境信息公开问题研究

环境信息的公开不仅是公众环境知情权实现的重要方式,也是公众在突发性环境污染事件产生后维护自身生命健康和财产等权益以及积极有效参与事件处置的前提.要建立和完善突发性环境污染事件的环境信息制度,就必须结合这类事件的特殊性,在尊重政府信息公开法律制度共性的前提下,尤其要强调突发性环境污染事件处置过程环境信息公开的真实性、准确性、完整性和及时性.     

水权制度在治理农村面源污染中绩效的检讨及对策

农村面源污染存在着独有的特征。在应对农村的水资源和水环境问题中,很多学者对于水权制度的适用寄予厚望,我们详细探讨水权制度在应对农村面源污染中的作用,发现其存在着一定的效果,但同时也存在着诸多困境。我们既要寻求应对面源污染的环境法途径,还要全面寻求面源污染的应对之策。     

Is EU enlargement bad for environmental policy? Confronting gloomy expectations with evidence

As the EU expands to include the Central and East European (CEE) countries, its capacity to adopt and implement environmental policy will be negatively affected—this has been a widely held assumption. The CEE countries have been expected to be laggards, slowing down, weakening or even reversing progress in environmental policy-making. More than 2 years have now passed since the enlargement, and the new member-states have begun to make their mark on EU decision-making and implementation. This article confronts gloomy expectations with evidence in three issue-areas: genetically modified organisms, air pollution and climate change. The main conclusions are, first, that there is no indication that enlargement will result in any breakdown of EU environmental policy. Second, the consequences vary across issue-areas. The new member-states have strengthened the group that favours strict regulation of genetically modified organisms, weakened the implementation of the EU emission trading directive and have affected EU air policy hardly at all. These results can give an indication of what is to come. On the other hand, only a short time has passed since enlargement, and the picture may change with regard to other issue-areas.     

水污染治理的环境法律观念更新与机制创新——从滇池污染治理个案出发

近年来我国频繁发生水污染事故,已经引起国人充分关注。国家和社会非常重视水污染的法律治理,但收效甚微。在数十年中已经出台了数个法律文件治理滇池流域水污染,修改后的《滇池保护条例》也在很多方面有了进步,但治理效果仍不明显。我们不能仅仅关注具体法律制度上的改进,还要进一步反思自然环境自身的许多特性,在此基础上进行环境法律观念的更新与法律机制的创新。环境法律要回归法律血统,建立全面的流域管理机制,还要整合部门权力,重视发挥公众参与在水污染治理中的特殊作用。