论跨国界污染的国家责任

跨国界污染造成的严重环境损害已经引起了国际社会的普遍关注,实施可持续发展战略必须解决跨国界污染问题,确定污染事件中的国家责任是解决跨国界污染的关键环节。1972年《斯德哥尔摩人类环境宣言》指出:“各国应进行合作以进一步发展有关它们管辖或控制之内的活动对他们管辖以外的环境造成的污染和其他环境损害的受害者承担责任和赔偿问题的国际法。”没有国家责任制度,就没有国际法。完善国家责任制度的目的就是要通过国际法改善和加强国际环境的保护。     

论排污权交易失灵与可持续发展法的干预

排污权交易是近年来国内外的热点话题,我国政府曾针对排污权交易广泛实践,在科学研究、试点、管理等方面做了大量的工作,并取得了可观的成绩和经验。但是,对该交易潜在的失灵鲜有提及,缺乏及时和必要的立法准备。本文试图结合这一现状进行探索性的研究,以抛砖引玉,与同行探讨。     

外商投资企业环境污染问题若干思考

我国加入 WTO后 ,根据市场准入原则和国民待遇原则 ,将会有更多的跨国公司进入我国开办外商投资企业。与此同时 ,部分外商投资企业可能利用我国环境立法等方面的漏洞转移污染风险 ,对此 ,我国必须依照有关环境保护法律积极应对 ,并且加快我国环境立法与国际接轨的进程。     

排污权理论及其立法思考

排污权交易是在市场经济条件下促进环境保护事业发展的一种有效的经济的手段。排污权应当被看作是一种财产权 ,我国应建立起适合国情的排污权交易体系 ,通过排污许可证的转让 ,市场机制将在控制环境污染上扮演更重要角色。     

论远红外线在汽车节油降低空气污染方面的原理及实践

波长 3～ 2 0 μm的远红外线光子可以激发汽车燃油中碳氢分子的键能 ,以提高其热燃效率 ,故能增加发动机输出功率 ,并有节油与降低废气排放的功效     

Oil pollution and water conflicts in the riverine communities in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region: challenges for and elements of problem-solving strategies

ABSTRACT

In Nigeria’s Niger Delta, oil pollution has significantly harmed the natural environment on which the local people in the Niger Delta depend for their livelihood and sustenance. The direct consequence of oil pollution is that it has led to multidimensional and protracted conflicts in oil-bearing communities. Drawing on fieldwork data, this article examines the ways in which oil pollution harms water resources and fuels conflicts in the local communities. It explores the socio-economic dynamics of the conflicts and insecurity, and how they are aggravated by the ineffectiveness of the measures adopted by the state to manage the conflicts. It argues that the role of local actors in the ecological dislocation have been downplayed and not factored into the measures devised to tackle the intractable conflicts. This article demonstrates how the network of interactions among localised, national and globalised actors aggravate environmental pollution and the complex conflicts in local communities.     

The governance of shale gas production in South Africa

The proper governance of shale gas mining in the Karoo region of South Africa is important. With an estimated 390 trillion cubic feet of recoverable shale gas, large economic gains are possible. This may dramatically change the South African energy sector; in the United States, similar explorations have led to what pundits term the ‘shale gas revolution’. The development and production of shale gas hold economic advantages, but also potential environmental costs, thus the regulation of fracking activities is an important consideration as the development of shale gas in the Karoo progresses. This study reviews the regulations imposed in other countries as well as the current regulatory framework of South Africa. This article analyses these regulations in terms of the content of fracking fluid, seismic activity and the pricing regime. Effective regulation will be key to maximise a positive impact, should shale gas development continue.     

北京市采取紧急措施控制大气环境污染

北京市的大气环境污染主要来自燃煤引起的污染、机动车排放尾气和地面扬尘污染,市政府为治理大气环境污染制定了18项紧急措施。     

突发性水环境污染事故法律责任追究探析

目前,我国已进入环境污染事故高发期,形势十分严峻,这给保障环境安全带来了巨大压力。强化法律手段是实现水环境质量转变的重要内容之一,充分运用经济、技术和必要的行政办法有赖于强有力的环境法律、法规作为保障和依据。建立突发性水环境污染责任追究体系,刑事责任、民事责任是其中不可或缺的重要组成部分,二者的相互补充,对水环境污染和生态破坏的行为人具有惩罚与震慑作用。     

Market Darwinism vs. Market Creationism: Adaptability and Fairness in the Design of Greenhouse Gas Trading Mechanisms

International rule-making and compliance routines with respect to the Kyoto Protocol are evolving rapidly. This paper examines potential designs of emissions-trading programs by comparing the emissions credit trading (ECT) and cap-and-trade models for achieving cost-effective reductions in atmospheric greenhouse-gas (GHG) loading in terms of their adaptability and fairness. Adaptability is a valuable attribute when markets and their governing institutions are evolving rapidly or when regulated entities do not yet have well-established and predictable compliance routines. Fairness in both procedures and outcomes is central to efforts to establish and maintain institutions of international governance. The key difference concerns the awarding of tradable emission rights, which occurs at the launch of a cap-and-trade program but following when firms reduce emissions below baselines in an ECT scheme. Implications of this difference are explored in terms of institutional adaptability and fairness during program-design stages. By not locking in emission rights at the outset, and by being amenable to incremental roll-out, ECT appears to have superior adaptive and fairness qualities during periods of rapid institutional evolution.